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近年來，由于社會經濟發展對化石能源的過度依賴，能源資源日漸枯竭，同時大量碳排放也導致溫室效應日益加重，極端天氣的出現越來越頻繁。國際社會一致認為需要對氣候變化采取緊迫行動和強有力的國際合作。

1997年(nian)12月(yue)11日(ri)結束的(de)(de)聯合國氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)變化(hua)框架公約(yue)(yue)締(di)約(yue)(yue)方第三(san)次大會上(shang)(shang)（日(ri)本(ben)京(jing)都會議(yi)）通過(guo)了(le)《京(jing)都議(yi)定書》，并(bing)于2005年(nian)2月(yue)16日(ri)正(zheng)式生效，這是人類歷史(shi)上(shang)(shang)首(shou)次以(yi)法(fa)規的(de)(de)形(xing)式限制溫室氣(qi)(qi)體排(pai)放。2015年(nian)12月(yue)12日(ri)在(zai)巴(ba)黎氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)變化(hua)大會上(shang)(shang)通過(guo)、2016年(nian)4月(yue)22日(ri)在(zai)紐約(yue)(yue)簽署的(de)(de)《巴(ba)黎協定》為2020年(nian)后全球(qiu)應對氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)變化(hua)行動作(zuo)出安排(pai)，并(bing)設定了(le)本(ben)世紀后半葉實現(xian)凈(jing)零排(pai)放的(de)(de)目標。

當前越來(lai)(lai)(lai)越多的國(guo)家(jia)(jia)正在將其(qi)轉化(hua)為(wei)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)戰略，提(ti)出了無碳(tan)未來(lai)(lai)(lai)的愿景。碳(tan)中(zhong)和(he)（Carbon Neutral或Carbon Neutrality）是指中(zhong)立的（即零(ling)）總碳(tan)量釋(shi)放，通(tong)過排放多少碳(tan)就(jiu)采取(qu)多少抵(di)銷措施，來(lai)(lai)(lai)達到平衡。目前已有數十個(ge)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)和(he)地(di)區提(ti)出了碳(tan)中(zhong)和(he)目標。

中共中央(yang)總書記、國(guo)家主席習近平在(zai)2020年(nian)9月22日召開的(de)第七(qi)十五(wu)屆聯合國(guo)大會一般(ban)性辯(bian)論上表(biao)示：“中國(guo)將提高國(guo)家自主貢獻力(li)(li)度(du)，采取(qu)更加(jia)有力(li)(li)的(de)政策(ce)和措施，二氧化碳排放力(li)(li)爭(zheng)于(yu)2030年(nian)前達到峰值，努(nu)力(li)(li)爭(zheng)取(qu)2060年(nian)前實(shi)現碳中和。”

2021年3月15日，習(xi)近平總書記主持召開中央財經委(wei)員會(hui)(hui)(hui)第九次會(hui)(hui)(hui)議，進一步明確了實現碳(tan)達峰、碳(tan)中和的基本(ben)思路(lu)及主要舉(ju)措。會(hui)(hui)(hui)議特別強(qiang)調，“實施可再生能源替代行動(dong)，深化電力體制改(gai)革，構(gou)建(jian)以(yi)新能源為(wei)主體的新型(xing)電力系統。”

新能源大規模接入使全世界電力市場面臨挑戰

在上(shang)世紀八九十年(nian)代，一(yi)(yi)些(xie)發(fa)達(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)就已經將(jiang)(jiang)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展（如無(wu)特殊說明(ming)，本文的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”都指風、光等(deng)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)）作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)規(gui)劃中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)環，此后隨著各國(guo)(guo)(guo)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)際組織(zhi)紛(fen)紛(fen)加(jia)大(da)了(le)(le)對(dui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)利用(yong)(yong)，該(gai)時期下針對(dui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種政(zheng)策(ce)方針也(ye)層出不窮。截至2019年(nian)底，全球共有(you)166個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)制(zhi)定(ding)了(le)(le)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)發(fa)展目(mu)標，143個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)制(zhi)定(ding)和實施了(le)(le)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持政(zheng)策(ce)，常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)激勵(li)政(zheng)策(ce)有(you)固定(ding)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)（FiT）、溢價(jia)(jia)補貼（FiP）、差價(jia)(jia)合同（CfD）、綠(lv)色證書(shu)，此外(wai)還有(you)凈電(dian)(dian)(dian)表制(zhi)（Net Metering）、稅收(shou)返還、稅收(shou)優惠、融資(zi)等(deng)政(zheng)策(ce)。近年(nian)來，可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)競爭(zheng)性拍(pai)賣(mai)(mai)機制(zhi)為(wei)越(yue)來越(yue)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)采用(yong)(yong)，既包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)、英國(guo)(guo)(guo)、丹(dan)麥等(deng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)成(cheng)(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)，也(ye)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)拉美、中(zhong)東、南亞等(deng)地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)新興(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)，競爭(zheng)性拍(pai)賣(mai)(mai)對(dui)降低成(cheng)(cheng)本和電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)果非常顯(xian)著。通過(guo)競爭(zheng)性拍(pai)賣(mai)(mai)確(que)定(ding)了(le)(le)開發(fa)項目(mu)及業(ye)主，也(ye)同時確(que)定(ding)了(le)(le)拍(pai)賣(mai)(mai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，與之配(pei)套的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)策(ce)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)執行FiT（將(jiang)(jiang)拍(pai)賣(mai)(mai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)固定(ding)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)），有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則配(pei)套采用(yong)(yong)FiP或CfD，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直接按拍(pai)賣(mai)(mai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)由拍(pai)賣(mai)(mai)中(zhong)標項目(mu)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業(ye)簽訂(ding)中(zhong)長期協(xie)議。在可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)納保障方面(mian)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)在1990年(nian)后陸續在各州實行了(le)(le)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)額(e)制(zhi)，使得可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝機容量實現(xian)了(le)(le)快速增(zeng)長。澳大(da)利亞在2001年(nian)實行了(le)(le)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)額(e)制(zhi)，有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)地激勵(li)了(le)(le)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投資(zi)意向和發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)項目(mu)建(jian)設。英國(guo)(guo)(guo)于2002年(nian)實行了(le)(le)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)義務制(zhi)度，促進了(le)(le)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭(zheng)力(li)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)額(e)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)實施需要依(yi)賴于綠(lv)色證書(shu)（Tradable Green Certificates，TGC）交易機制(zhi)和完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)體系，綠(lv)色證書(shu)交易為(wei)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)主體完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)其(qi)配(pei)額(e)責(ze)任提供了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途(tu)徑。此外(wai)，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)等(deng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)長期購電(dian)(dian)(dian)協(xie)議（PPA）、企業(ye)直購電(dian)(dian)(dian)（VPPA）等(deng)模(mo)式，對(dui)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)有(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參考和借(jie)鑒(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。

2006年，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)也出臺了(le)(le)《可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)法(fa)(fa)》以推(tui)動(dong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)(fa)建設，隨后我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)施行(xing)了(le)(le)固定(ding)上網(wang)電(dian)價政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)以推(tui)動(dong)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，但隨著(zhu)(zhu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)飛(fei)速上升，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)財政(zheng)(zheng)支出的(de)(de)(de)“固定(ding)電(dian)價補貼(tie)(tie)”也日趨(qu)增多，由此帶來的(de)(de)(de)補貼(tie)(tie)缺口(kou)進一(yi)步擴大。為(wei)(wei)改(gai)善(shan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)和政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)現狀，早在2014年8月(yue)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局就印(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)《可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)配額(e)(e)考(kao)核(he)辦法(fa)(fa)（試(shi)行(xing)）》，后又(you)在2016年2月(yue)印(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)《關于建立(li)(li)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開發(fa)(fa)利用(yong)目(mu)標(biao)引導(dao)制(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)意見(jian)》（國(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)〔2016〕54號(hao)），開啟(qi)了(le)(le)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配額(e)(e)制(zhi)及(ji)綠色證書(shu)交易(yi)模式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)探索。伴隨著(zhu)(zhu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配額(e)(e)制(zhi)施行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)呼聲(sheng)越來越強(qiang)烈，2018年3月(yue)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局先(xian)發(fa)(fa)布了(le)(le)《可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)配額(e)(e)及(ji)考(kao)核(he)辦法(fa)(fa)（征(zheng)求意見(jian)稿(gao)）》，同年該征(zheng)求意見(jian)稿(gao)又(you)陸續(xu)修改(gai)了(le)(le)兩版，明確(que)了(le)(le)考(kao)核(he)指標(biao)、責任(ren)實施主(zhu)體、義務主(zhu)體、指標(biao)測算方式(shi)及(ji)考(kao)核(he)時間。2019年5月(yue)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革(ge)委、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局印(yin)(yin)發(fa)(fa)了(le)(le)《關于建立(li)(li)健全可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消納(na)(na)保障機(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)通知》（發(fa)(fa)改(gai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)〔2019〕807號(hao)），結束了(le)(le)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配額(e)(e)制(zhi)長久的(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)求意見(jian)和爭論，確(que)立(li)(li)了(le)(le)以“可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消納(na)(na)責任(ren)權(quan)(quan)重”模式(shi)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)建設框架。2020年5月(yue)又(you)在各(ge)地測算的(de)(de)(de)基礎上統(tong)籌提出了(le)(le)各(ge)省(sheng)級行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)區(qu)域(yu)2020年可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消納(na)(na)責任(ren)權(quan)(quan)重（發(fa)(fa)改(gai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)〔2020〕767號(hao)），包括可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)總量(liang)(liang)消納(na)(na)責任(ren)權(quan)(quan)重和非水(shui)電(dian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消納(na)(na)責任(ren)權(quan)(quan)重。2021年1月(yue)，北(bei)京電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)交易(yi)中(zhong)心(xin)響(xiang)應國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)要求，發(fa)(fa)布了(le)(le)《可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)超(chao)額(e)(e)消納(na)(na)量(liang)(liang)交易(yi)規則（實行(xing)）》，為(wei)(wei)可(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)超(chao)額(e)(e)消納(na)(na)量(liang)(liang)交易(yi)市場的(de)(de)(de)建立(li)(li)奠定(ding)了(le)(le)基礎。

可再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)參與電(dian)力市場交易已成(cheng)為必然(ran)趨勢。隨著可再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)比例逐步(bu)升高、各種類型儲能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本逐漸降(jiang)低(di)、智(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)表的(de)(de)(de)普及和需求(qiu)響應的(de)(de)(de)引入，世(shi)界(jie)各國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力市場都面臨著重大挑(tiao)戰，需要更(geng)新換代。

在美國，有關電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規則的(de)爭論由(you)來已久(jiu)。早在2017年(nian)(nian)，美國能源部（Department of Energy）與各大區域電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)運(yun)營商ISO/RTO就電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)價格(ge)形成機(ji)制等問題發(fa)生(sheng)過(guo)激(ji)烈爭論。近期，美國電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)中各類事件接連不斷，引起各方(fang)廣泛關注。當地時(shi)間2020年(nian)(nian)8月(yue)(yue)14日(ri)(ri)，加(jia)(jia)利福尼亞(ya)州(zhou)獨立系統(tong)運(yun)營商（CAISO）宣(xuan)布(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網進(jin)入二(er)級緊(jin)急運(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)。8月(yue)(yue)14日(ri)(ri)，為(wei)了(le)防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)崩(beng)潰(kui)，CAISO向全州(zhou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用戶(hu)發(fa)布(bu)了(le)自2000～2001年(nian)(nian)加(jia)(jia)州(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)危機(ji)以來近20年(nian)(nian)的(de)第一次(ci)三級緊(jin)急運(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)警告(gao)，并(bing)對居民用戶(hu)實施(shi)輪流停電(dian)(dian)(dian)。隨后，8月(yue)(yue)15日(ri)(ri)，CAISO又發(fa)布(bu)了(le)二(er)級和三級緊(jin)急運(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)警告(gao)各一次(ci)并(bing)采(cai)取切(qie)負荷措(cuo)施(shi)。8月(yue)(yue)17日(ri)(ri)、8月(yue)(yue)18日(ri)(ri)、9月(yue)(yue)5日(ri)(ri)、9月(yue)(yue)6日(ri)(ri)，CAISO又各發(fa)布(bu)了(le)一次(ci)二(er)級緊(jin)急運(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)。從當地時(shi)間2021年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue)14日(ri)(ri)開(kai)始，美國得(de)克薩(sa)斯州(zhou)在極端(duan)低溫天(tian)氣下再(zai)次(ci)發(fa)生(sheng)大范圍輪流停電(dian)(dian)(dian)，數百萬家(jia)庭(ting)失去電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應，而且(qie)現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)價格(ge)也(ye)已達到9000美元/兆(zhao)瓦時(shi)的(de)上限。美國總統(tong)拜登相繼批準(zhun)得(de)州(zhou)進(jin)入緊(jin)急狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)和重大災難狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)。

歐(ou)盟(meng)在2016年12月公(gong)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)新電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)設(she)計(ji)方案(an)中(zhong)(zhong)尖銳指出“當今能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規則(ze)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)了滿足(zu)過去的(de)(de)(de)以傳統(tong)(tong)火(huo)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)沒(mei)有需求響(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)而設(she)計(ji)出來的(de)(de)(de)”。由于光(guang)伏、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)低邊際成(cheng)(cheng)本的(de)(de)(de)特點，把傳統(tong)(tong)火(huo)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在以邊際成(cheng)(cheng)本為(wei)(wei)基礎的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)貨(huo)競(jing)價交易中(zhong)(zhong)擠出，使得市(shi)(shi)場(chang)出清價格(ge)降(jiang)低，甚至出現(xian)負值，導致火(huo)力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)難以生存。而同時，光(guang)伏和(he)(he)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)不可(ke)預(yu)測性(xing)(xing)(xing)、波動性(xing)(xing)(xing)，給電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)帶來了挑戰。在2012年11月至2013年2月歐(ou)盟(meng)針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)調查中(zhong)(zhong)，被調查者一(yi)致認為(wei)(wei)確保市(shi)(shi)場(chang)更(geng)健(jian)康地運行和(he)(he)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)進一(yi)步融(rong)合(he)對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)安(an)(an)全(quan)供(gong)給十分(fen)關鍵(jian)，對現(xian)有市(shi)(shi)場(chang)設(she)計(ji)是(shi)否能(neng)(neng)夠充(chong)分(fen)吸引投資以保障發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量充(chong)裕(yu)度則(ze)觀(guan)點各異。相當多的(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)點認為(wei)(wei)可(ke)再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)補貼機制、優(you)先發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)平衡(heng)責任(ren)缺失扭(niu)曲(qu)了市(shi)(shi)場(chang)。

2016年9月28日，臺風和暴雨等極(ji)端天氣(qi)(qi)(qi)襲擊了新能源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占比高達48.36%的(de)澳大(da)(da)利(li)(li)(li)亞南部(bu)(bu)地區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，最終導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)澳大(da)(da)利(li)(li)(li)亞南部(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，50小時后才全部(bu)(bu)恢復供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。這是世界上第一次(ci)由極(ji)端天氣(qi)(qi)(qi)誘發新能源大(da)(da)規模脫網(wang)(wang)(wang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場環境下報(bao)價低的(de)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)侵(qin)占報(bao)價高的(de)燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機組發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)空間(jian)、大(da)(da)規模安裝光伏自(zi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷減少(shao)、天然氣(qi)(qi)(qi)市(shi)場波動及輸(shu)送(song)管(guan)道地緣格局不利(li)(li)(li)等因(yin)素導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)澳大(da)(da)利(li)(li)(li)亞南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)燃(ran)煤(mei)機組及燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)機組大(da)(da)量(liang)(liang)退出運行(xing)，系(xi)統轉(zhuan)動慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)(liang)逐年減少(shao)。“9·28”事(shi)故(gu)(gu)當日，澳大(da)(da)利(li)(li)(li)亞南部(bu)(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統慣(guan)(guan)量(liang)(liang)呈(cheng)現歷史最低，頻率振(zhen)蕩時間(jian)最短、切機容量(liang)(liang)最大(da)(da)，是導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)停(ting)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)重(zhong)要原因(yin)。

美、歐、澳的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)(chang)問題有一(yi)些共同點：一(yi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的(de)安全穩定(ding)運行需要保持多(duo)樣化的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組類(lei)型（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)結構），當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)(chang)設計雖(sui)然(ran)對新能(neng)源(yuan)有利，但對傳統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)沖擊過大，無(wu)法(fa)(fa)確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)的(de)長(chang)期可靠性與彈性；二是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)(chang)需要對靈活性資源(yuan)合理定(ding)價(jia)，才能(neng)保障可再生能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)消納(na)，當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)(chang)(chang)設計無(wu)法(fa)(fa)對靈活性資源(yuan)提供合理的(de)經(jing)濟激勵(li)。因此，

歐美在二十多(duo)年的(de)電力市(shi)場(chang)運營經驗(yan)基礎上(shang)，進(jin)行了各(ge)種各(ge)樣的(de)更(geng)新和嘗試。由于我國棄(qi)風、棄(qi)光問題(ti)嚴重，建立有利于新能源消納的(de)電力市(shi)場(chang)機制也已成(cheng)為當前的(de)緊(jin)迫任務。

“雙碳”目標下的電力市場體制機制創新

隨著“雙碳”目標的(de)(de)(de)提出，“構(gou)建(jian)以新能(neng)源(yuan)為主體的(de)(de)(de)新型(xing)電(dian)力系統”的(de)(de)(de)舉措將使(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)結(jie)構(gou)和(he)電(dian)網特性出現(xian)重大(da)變化，在為我國(guo)電(dian)力行業的(de)(de)(de)發展帶來重大(da)機(ji)遇的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，也存在一定的(de)(de)(de)風險和(he)挑(tiao)戰。建(jian)立(li)有利于新能(neng)源(yuan)消納(na)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力市場體制機(ji)制已成為當(dang)前的(de)(de)(de)緊迫任務，國(guo)外能(neng)源(yuan)轉型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)經驗值得借鑒。

價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)機(ji)制(zhi)是(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)場機(ji)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心(xin)，市(shi)(shi)場決定(ding)(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)場在(zai)(zai)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)置中起決定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復雜(za)性(xing)(xing)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力工業(ye)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)民經(jing)(jing)濟中的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)性(xing)(xing)地(di)位以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公共性(xing)(xing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)牽一發(fa)而(er)動全身(shen)，并且(qie)與其他能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)緊密(mi)相關(guan)，還(huan)曾經(jing)(jing)作為國(guo)(guo)家宏觀調控(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段，甚至牽涉(she)到社會(hui)(hui)穩定(ding)(ding)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)（可稱之為“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會(hui)(hui)性(xing)(xing)”）。當前的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)結構(gou)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)水平（尤其是(shi)(shi)折舊和(he)財務費(fei)用）是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)(guo)長(chang)期以(yi)來各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政策歷(li)史(shi)沉淀(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)物(wu)，由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設和(he)運(yun)行壽(shou)命周期跨(kua)度(du)可長(chang)達幾十年，不同歷(li)史(shi)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)政策和(he)投融資(zi)政策對當前成(cheng)本和(he)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)成(cheng)有(you)重大影響（可稱之為“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)性(xing)(xing)”）。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)又可分(fen)(fen)為“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)”（即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)(fen)析）和(he)“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)”（即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)形(xing)成(cheng)機(ji)制(zhi)）兩個方面。“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)”具有(you)理(li)想(xiang)性(xing)(xing)（即回(hui)答“最理(li)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)什么”），而(er)“價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)”具有(you)現實(shi)性(xing)(xing)（各利(li)益主體將基于(yu)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)進(jin)行真(zhen)(zhen)金白銀的(de)(de)(de)(de)結算）。價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)(shi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表現，并且(qie)不能偏離價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)太遠。在(zai)(zai)計劃經(jing)(jing)濟模式下，最理(li)想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)水平應(ying)等(deng)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；在(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)場經(jing)(jing)濟模式下，市(shi)(shi)場電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)應(ying)圍(wei)繞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能真(zhen)(zhen)實(shi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上下波動。在(zai)(zai)可再生能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)大規模接(jie)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)背景(jing)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能除了容量價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，還(huan)具有(you)靈活(huo)性(xing)(xing)、安全性(xing)(xing)和(he)彈性(xing)(xing)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)多種不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，使得(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)更(geng)加復雜(za)，其分(fen)(fen)析和(he)研究需要(yao)建(jian)立在(zai)(zai)對新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統(tong)運(yun)行特(te)性(xing)(xing)深入認識的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上并緊密(mi)結合相關(guan)經(jing)(jing)濟學理(li)論(lun)。

類似于德(de)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)設(she)計，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)過程可用不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)（橫向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)或縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)）“能量(liang)(liang)塊(kuai)(kuai)”填充負(fu)(fu)荷(he)曲線下的(de)(de)(de)(de)面積，實(shi)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)，建(jian)立如圖所示的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)長(chang)期與(yu)現貨（日(ri)前、日(ri)內(nei)、實(shi)時(shi)(shi)）交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)相協調(diao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力型交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)相結合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)目標(biao)模式(shi)，這也符合(he)我國(guo)(guo)當(dang)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)建(jian)設(she)所采用的(de)(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)長(chang)期交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)+現貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本框架(jia)。不(bu)同(tong)“能量(liang)(liang)塊(kuai)(kuai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)合(he)將形成不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短期運行(xing)(xing)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)組(zu)(zu)合(he)（即運行(xing)(xing)方(fang)式(shi)）和內(nei)涵不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格(ge)。主(zhu)能量(liang)(liang)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)可采用分段競(jing)(jing)價(jia)（或水平拍賣）或合(he)同(tong)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)機(ji)制，實(shi)時(shi)(shi)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)與(yu)輔助服務交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)采用分時(shi)(shi)競(jing)(jing)價(jia)（或垂直(zhi)拍賣）機(ji)制。對(dui)于基(ji)荷(he)、腰荷(he)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)（負(fu)(fu)荷(he)），即圖中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫向(xiang)(xiang)“能量(liang)(liang)塊(kuai)(kuai)”，可按負(fu)(fu)荷(he)持續時(shi)(shi)間定(ding)價(jia)，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)集中(zhong)競(jing)(jing)價(jia)或開展合(he)同(tong)交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)。對(dui)于峰荷(he)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)（或需求響應資源(yuan)），可基(ji)于實(shi)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，針對(dui)圖中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠色和褐(he)色縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)“能量(liang)(liang)塊(kuai)(kuai)”進(jin)行(xing)(xing)集中(zhong)競(jing)(jing)價(jia)。此外，借鑒德(de)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)(chang)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)結算單(dan)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計思路，可再(zai)生能源(yuan)應以就地消納(na)為主(zhu)要形式(shi)，并(bing)減少大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)擔。

一般情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)，對(dui)于光(guang)伏(fu)、風(feng)電(dian)等可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)機(ji)組，由于功率曲(qu)線難控，電(dian)能(neng)商品(pin)品(pin)質低(di)，但因環保效益(yi)顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)，可(ke)全額消(xiao)納，或(huo)根據電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安全穩定約束在(zai)一定功率波動(dong)范圍(wei)內消(xiao)納，并以比市(shi)場(chang)最低(di)價更(geng)低(di)的(de)價格(ge)結算電(dian)量。在(zai)這(zhe)種情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)，系(xi)統(tong)(tong)總負荷(he)扣除可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)機(ji)組出力后(hou)，可(ke)能(neng)形成功率缺口，例如美國加州電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)“鴨子(zi)曲(qu)線”，將顯(xian)著(zhu)(zhu)增(zeng)加電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)靈活性需求(qiu)和(he)調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)困難。如果(guo)可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)搭(da)配儲(chu)能(neng)或(huo)購買(mai)調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)容量、提高其電(dian)能(neng)品(pin)質后(hou)，也可(ke)以參(can)(can)與(yu)圖中橫向能(neng)量塊的(de)交(jiao)易(yi)；在(zai)加裝自動(dong)發(fa)電(dian)控制系(xi)統(tong)(tong)（AGC）后(hou)，響應(ying)電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)度指令下(xia)調(diao)(diao)功率，參(can)(can)與(yu)分時交(jiao)易(yi)的(de)輔助服務(wu)市(shi)場(chang)。

智利是世界(jie)上第一個進(jin)(jin)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)改的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)，為鼓勵可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)消納并增加競爭(zheng)，2014年(nian)(nian)(nian)引入了時(shi)(shi)間跨(kua)度長達20年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)帶時(shi)(shi)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)塊（time block）交易(yi)，允(yun)許發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組在一天(tian)中(zhong)針對特(te)定的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)段進(jin)(jin)行(xing)投標(biao)，而不是限定必須24小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)供(gong)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)。智利的(de)(de)(de)帶時(shi)(shi)標(biao)能(neng)量(liang)塊交易(yi)取得了預期的(de)(de)(de)效果，增強了競爭(zheng)，促進(jin)(jin)了可再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)消納，電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)大幅(fu)下(xia)跌，受(shou)到了各(ge)方面的(de)(de)(de)稱贊。2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)3月(yue)31日，美國(guo)(guo)政府公布了一項2萬億(yi)美元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)就業(ye)計劃(hua)，該計劃(hua)力(li)(li)爭(zheng)讓美國(guo)(guo)在2035年(nian)(nian)(nian)之前實(shi)現100%零碳電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)。值得注意的(de)(de)(de)一個細節是，該計劃(hua)規(gui)定聯邦市政設施應從所在區(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)網采購“7?24”全時(shi)(shi)段清潔電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)，并與其小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)級負荷曲線相匹配，這恰恰是我們所提(ti)的(de)(de)(de)“能(neng)量(liang)塊”交易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)概念(nian)。在“能(neng)量(liang)塊”交易(yi)的(de)(de)(de)初級階段，可采用比較簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)時(shi)(shi)段交易(yi)。2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)11月(yue)25日，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)改革(ge)委、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)局發(fa)布的(de)(de)(de)《2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)中(zhong)長期合同簽(qian)訂(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)通知》（發(fa)改運行(xing)〔2020〕1784號(hao)）中(zhong)，為拉大峰谷差價(jia)，明確提(ti)出“交易(yi)雙方簽(qian)訂(ding)分(fen)時(shi)(shi)段合同”（即國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)展(zhan)改革(ge)委電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)中(zhong)長期合同“六簽(qian)”要求之“分(fen)時(shi)(shi)段簽(qian)”），目前江西等省份正(zheng)在進(jin)(jin)行(xing)試點。

在(zai)世界范圍，風電(dian)(dian)(dian)和光伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)快速(su)增長對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)靈活(huo)(huo)性提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)了前所未(wei)有的(de)要求。2018年11月13日，國際能(neng)源署發布(bu)的(de)世界能(neng)源展望提(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)“靈活(huo)(huo)性是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)新(xin)口(kou)號”。對于發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)，靈活(huo)(huo)性的(de)提(ti)(ti)(ti)升(sheng)主(zhu)要體現在(zai)：深度(du)(du)調峰（降低(di)最小(xiao)技術出(chu)力）、快速(su)啟停、增強(qiang)爬(pa)坡(po)能(neng)力（即提(ti)(ti)(ti)高加減(jian)負(fu)荷速(su)度(du)(du)）。對于熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)，熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)解耦也是(shi)增強(qiang)靈活(huo)(huo)性的(de)方(fang)式。在(zai)美國加州(zhou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)（CAISO）和中部大陸電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)（MISO），建立(li)了靈活(huo)(huo)爬(pa)坡(po)產品交(jiao)易，取得了良好的(de)效(xiao)果。我國在(zai)實踐中總結出(chu)來(lai)的(de)深度(du)(du)調峰交(jiao)易值得肯定，該交(jiao)易方(fang)式首先在(zai)東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)力輔助(zhu)服務市場(chang)建立(li)，并且(qie)在(zai)全國推(tui)廣。作為(wei)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)力體制改革專(zhuan)項試點，自2017年1月在(zai)東北地區啟動以來(lai)成(cheng)效(xiao)顯著，深入挖掘了電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調峰潛力，促進(jin)了風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)清潔能(neng)源消納，顯著提(ti)(ti)(ti)高了電(dian)(dian)(dian)網安全運行水平和供熱可靠性。

在(zai)以(yi)(yi)新(xin)能(neng)源為(wei)主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，傳統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)單一的(de)(de)(de)(de)“源隨荷(he)(he)(he)(he)動(dong)”（即根據負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)變動(dong)情(qing)況調(diao)(diao)(diao)節發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率）模(mo)式(shi)(shi)將(jiang)轉變為(wei)“源隨荷(he)(he)(he)(he)動(dong)、荷(he)(he)(he)(he)隨網(wang)動(dong)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)友好互動(dong)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)，柔(rou)性(xing)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)、虛擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠等新(xin)技(ji)術和(he)商業模(mo)式(shi)(shi)也受到廣泛(fan)關(guan)注(zhu)。柔(rou)性(xing)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)是(shi)指在(zai)一定時(shi)(shi)間段內(nei)靈(ling)活(huo)可變的(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)，包含具備(bei)需(xu)求彈性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可調(diao)(diao)(diao)節負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)或可轉移(yi)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)、具備(bei)雙向(xiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車、儲能(neng)、蓄能(neng)以(yi)(yi)及分布式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)等，其用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)為(wei)可對價格信號作(zuo)(zuo)出靈(ling)活(huo)響應(ying)，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要來源。在(zai)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)無法滿足(zu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)大城市(shi)，柔(rou)性(xing)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)削峰填谷作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)還可對保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全運(yun)行(xing)起到關(guan)鍵作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。我國目前處于(yu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)初級階段，還缺乏完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)運(yun)營規則和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價形成機制(zhi)，尚不(bu)能(neng)通(tong)過經濟(ji)手(shou)段及時(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)效(xiao)地調(diao)(diao)(diao)節市(shi)場(chang)(chang)供需(xu)，負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)調(diao)(diao)(diao)度更多表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)以(yi)(yi)分時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價和(he)有(you)(you)序用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)代表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求側管理。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)環境下，引入柔(rou)性(xing)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)參與交易(yi)，有(you)(you)利于(yu)提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安全穩定水平及靈(ling)活(huo)性(xing)，并帶來巨大的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會效(xiao)益(yi)和(he)經濟(ji)效(xiao)益(yi)。隨著(zhu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)建設的(de)(de)(de)(de)推進，柔(rou)性(xing)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)(he)參與現(xian)貨市(shi)場(chang)(chang)和(he)輔助服務市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件逐步具備(bei)，并已(yi)在(zai)廣東等省區投入實際運(yun)行(xing)。