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2021年3月，習(xi)近平(ping)總書記在中(zhong)(zhong)央財經委(wei)員會(hui)(hui)第九次(ci)(ci)會(hui)(hui)議(yi)上強調(diao)，要(yao)(yao)深化(hua)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)，構建以(yi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)的新(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。這(zhe)(zhe)是一個至關(guan)重要(yao)(yao)的全(quan)新(xin)(xin)(xin)提(ti)(ti)法，為(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業提(ti)(ti)供(gong)了根本(ben)遵循(xun)、指(zhi)明(ming)了前進(jin)方向，預示著電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)未來顛(dian)覆(fu)性(xing)的革(ge)新(xin)(xin)(xin)。此前國家發改委(wei)、國家能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局及能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)行(xing)業的提(ti)(ti)法是，構建適應高比例可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發展的新(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)。此次(ci)(ci)會(hui)(hui)議(yi)進(jin)一步(bu)定調(diao)，首(shou)(shou)次(ci)(ci)提(ti)(ti)出構建以(yi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)的新(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，這(zhe)(zhe)意味(wei)著新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)在未來電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)占據主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)地位、成為(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)形式(shi)在中(zhong)(zhong)央層面首(shou)(shou)次(ci)(ci)得(de)以(yi)明(ming)確。同時，以(yi)促進(jin)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發展為(wei)突破口(kou)，賦予了“深化(hua)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)”新(xin)(xin)(xin)的要(yao)(yao)求和任(ren)務，即電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)要(yao)(yao)促進(jin)以(yi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)為(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)的新(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)發展，包括(kuo)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)參與電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)市場機(ji)制(zhi)、促進(jin)電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)靈活(huo)調(diao)節性(xing)資源(yuan)（抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)型儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、需求側資源(yuan)等）發展機(ji)制(zhi)等。

2020年(nian)12月(yue)(yue)12日，習近平總(zong)書記在氣候雄心峰會上(shang)(shang)表示，到2030年(nian)，中國(guo)(guo)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容(rong)量(liang)將(jiang)達到12億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)以上(shang)(shang)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)行(xing)業普遍預測，12億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)只是下(xia)限(xian)，到2030年(nian)，風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)伏裝(zhuang)機(ji)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)在16～18億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)左右。今年(nian)5月(yue)(yue)15日，南(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司發(fa)布建設(she)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)行(xing)動方(fang)案(an)（2021～2030年(nian)）白皮(pi)書，提(ti)出到2025年(nian)具備新(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)“綠色高(gao)效(xiao)、柔性開放(fang)、數字賦(fu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)”的(de)基本(ben)特征，支(zhi)撐(cheng)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)五(wu)省(sheng)區新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)新(xin)(xin)(xin)增1億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)以上(shang)(shang)；到2030年(nian)基本(ben)建成(cheng)(cheng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，支(zhi)撐(cheng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)再(zai)新(xin)(xin)(xin)增1億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)以上(shang)(shang)。其中，新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)機(ji)達到2.5億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)以上(shang)(shang)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)南(nan)(nan)方(fang)五(wu)省(sheng)區第一(yi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。可見，未來(lai)(lai)我國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)將(jiang)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)以風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏等(deng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)主導(dao)增量(liang)，新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)將(jiang)逐步成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)我國(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構轉型的(de)重要力(li)(li)量(liang)，新(xin)(xin)(xin)一(yi)輪爆(bao)發(fa)式(shi)增長(chang)已(yi)經是確定性事件(jian)。隨(sui)著新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)快速發(fa)展(zhan)，補(bu)貼(tie)缺口也(ye)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)大，盡管國(guo)(guo)家主管部(bu)門先后(hou)數次下(xia)調(diao)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)補(bu)貼(tie)標準，并上(shang)(shang)調(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價中的(de)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)附加費，但依(yi)然無(wu)法彌補(bu)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)大的(de)補(bu)貼(tie)缺口。同(tong)時，在規(gui)模化(hua)(hua)(hua)應用過(guo)程(cheng)中，風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技術水平不斷提(ti)升，成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)持續下(xia)降，部(bu)分地(di)區已(yi)處于(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)化(hua)(hua)(hua)石能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)區間(jian)。市(shi)(shi)場化(hua)(hua)(hua)交易、無(wu)補(bu)貼(tie)發(fa)展(zhan)逐漸具備條件(jian)，深化(hua)(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場改革、通過(guo)市(shi)(shi)場化(hua)(hua)(hua)手段促進(jin)新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)消(xiao)納(na)已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)業界共識。

我國新能源發展現狀

我國(guo)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源產(chan)業發展迅猛，近(jin)十余年都(dou)以(yi)30%以(yi)上的超常速度增(zeng)長(chang)，如今我國(guo)已是全(quan)球(qiu)風電(dian)和光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)規(gui)模最大、發展最快的國(guo)家。據國(guo)家能(neng)源局(ju)有(you)關(guan)統計，截至2020年底，我國(guo)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源發電(dian)裝機總(zong)規(gui)模5.6億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，位居全(quan)球(qiu)首(shou)位，占總(zong)裝機比重25.5%。其中：風電(dian)2.8億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)、光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)2.5億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)、生物質(zhi)發電(dian)2952萬千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，分別(bie)連(lian)續11年、6年和3年穩居全(quan)球(qiu)首(shou)位。2020年，我國(guo)風電(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)新(xin)(xin)增(zeng)裝機接近(jin)1.2億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，約占全(quan)國(guo)新(xin)(xin)增(zeng)發電(dian)裝機的62.8%。風電(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)量(liang)7270億千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)時(shi)，占總(zong)發電(dian)量(liang)比重9.5%，同比增(zeng)長(chang)0.9個百分點。這(zhe)些都(dou)表明我國(guo)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源綠(lv)色電(dian)能(neng)替(ti)代作用不斷增(zeng)強，有(you)力支(zhi)撐了(le)能(neng)源綠(lv)色低(di)碳轉型。

據(ju)兩大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公司有關統計，2020年，國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公司經營(ying)區域內(nei)，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)市場化(hua)交易(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)1577億(yi)千瓦(wa)時，占新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)21.7%。其中，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)跨省跨區交易(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)920億(yi)千瓦(wa)時，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)與(yu)大(da)用戶直(zhi)接交易(yi)(yi)(yi)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)權(quan)交易(yi)(yi)(yi)等省內(nei)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)交易(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)657億(yi)千瓦(wa)時。南方電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公司經營(ying)區域內(nei)，消納(na)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)1022億(yi)千瓦(wa)時，同比增長(chang)27%，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)利用率99.8%，基本(ben)實現全額消納(na)。其中，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)市場化(hua)交易(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)96億(yi)千瓦(wa)時，占新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)17.3%，主(zhu)要在云南省內(nei)，廣東、廣西已針對風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏等可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)出臺了相應的(de)交易(yi)(yi)(yi)方案或規則。

我國新能源發電價格機制

總體來說，我國風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)實行保障(zhang)性(xing)收購(gou)與市(shi)場化消(xiao)納(na)共存的(de)交易(yi)機制。保障(zhang)利(li)(li)用小(xiao)時數（合(he)理利(li)(li)用小(xiao)時數）以(yi)(yi)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業以(yi)(yi)收購(gou)價(jia)統一收購(gou)。對于(yu)(yu)不同類(lei)型(xing)的(de)新能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)，收購(gou)價(jia)按照以(yi)(yi)下方(fang)式(shi)確(que)定：對于(yu)(yu)競爭性(xing)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)項(xiang)目(mu)，按照中標價(jia)格收購(gou)；對于(yu)(yu)非競爭性(xing)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)常規項(xiang)目(mu)、平(ping)價(jia)項(xiang)目(mu)，按照煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)標桿上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)收購(gou)；對于(yu)(yu)非競爭性(xing)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)的(de)低(di)價(jia)項(xiang)目(mu)，按照合(he)約價(jia)格（低(di)于(yu)(yu)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)標桿上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)）收購(gou)。保障(zhang)利(li)(li)用小(xiao)時數（合(he)理利(li)(li)用小(xiao)時數）以(yi)(yi)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場，以(yi)(yi)市(shi)場方(fang)式(shi)確(que)定價(jia)格并保證其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)全(quan)額消(xiao)納(na)。

價格機制(zhi)(zhi)方面(mian)的(de)(de)政策主要有以(yi)(yi)下幾項：2016年(nian)(nian)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)(gai)委(wei)(wei)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)《可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)全(quan)額(e)(e)(e)保(bao)(bao)障性(xing)收(shou)購管理(li)(li)辦法》（發(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)(gai)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)〔2016〕625號），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業根據國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)確定(ding)的(de)(de)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)標桿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價和(he)保(bao)(bao)障性(xing)收(shou)購利(li)(li)用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時數(shu)，全(quan)額(e)(e)(e)收(shou)購規(gui)劃范圍內(nei)的(de)(de)可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目的(de)(de)上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。2016年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)(gai)委(wei)(wei)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)(ju)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)《關于(yu)做(zuo)好風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)全(quan)額(e)(e)(e)保(bao)(bao)障性(xing)收(shou)購管理(li)(li)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》（發(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)(gai)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)〔2016〕1150號），首(shou)(shou)次(ci)核定(ding)了部分(fen)存在棄風(feng)(feng)、棄光(guang)(guang)問題地區規(gui)劃內(nei)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最(zui)低(di)保(bao)(bao)障收(shou)購年(nian)(nian)利(li)(li)用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時數(shu)。保(bao)(bao)障性(xing)收(shou)購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企業按(an)標桿上(shang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價和(he)最(zui)低(di)保(bao)(bao)障收(shou)購年(nian)(nian)利(li)(li)用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時數(shu)全(quan)額(e)(e)(e)結(jie)算，超出最(zui)低(di)保(bao)(bao)障收(shou)購年(nian)(nian)利(li)(li)用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時數(shu)的(de)(de)部分(fen)通(tong)過市場交易方式(shi)(shi)(shi)消(xiao)納。2017年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)(gai)委(wei)(wei)、財(cai)政部、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)(ju)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)《關于(yu)試行可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綠色電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)證(zheng)書核發(fa)(fa)及自愿(yuan)認(ren)購交易制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》（發(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)(gai)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)〔2017〕132號），為陸(lu)上(shang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業（不(bu)含分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量發(fa)(fa)放綠色電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)證(zheng)書。風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業出售可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綠色電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)證(zheng)書后(hou)，相(xiang)應的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量不(bu)再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)享受(shou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價附加資金的(de)(de)補貼。2019年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)(gai)委(wei)(wei)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)(ju)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)《關于(yu)建(jian)立健(jian)全(quan)可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)消(xiao)納保(bao)(bao)障機制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)通(tong)知(zhi)》（發(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)(gai)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)〔2019〕807號），標志著可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配額(e)(e)(e)制(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)消(xiao)納責任(ren)權(quan)重的(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)正式(shi)(shi)(shi)實施(shi)。2020年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，財(cai)政部、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)(gai)委(wei)(wei)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)局(ju)(ju)印(yin)發(fa)(fa)《關于(yu)促進(jin)非水可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)健(jian)康發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)若(ruo)干意見》（財(cai)建(jian)〔2020〕4號）及有關補充通(tong)知(zhi)（財(cai)建(jian)〔2020〕426號），首(shou)(shou)次(ci)明確了按(an)照可再(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目全(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)命周期合理(li)(li)利(li)(li)用小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時數(shu)核定(ding)中央財(cai)政補貼額(e)(e)(e)度。

隨著產業(ye)技術(shu)進步(bu)(bu)、效率的(de)(de)提升，近年來新(xin)建(jian)(jian)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)成本(ben)不斷(duan)下降(jiang)，當前已經(jing)具備平價(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)條件(jian)，行(xing)業(ye)對平價(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)也(ye)形成高(gao)度共識。在此背(bei)景(jing)下，2021年6月，國(guo)家發(fa)(fa)(fa)改委(wei)印發(fa)(fa)(fa)《關于2021年新(xin)能(neng)源上(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)政(zheng)策有(you)關事項(xiang)的(de)(de)通(tong)知》（發(fa)(fa)(fa)改價(jia)(jia)格(ge)〔2021〕833號(hao)），這是風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正式(shi)步(bu)(bu)入無(wu)補貼時(shi)代(dai)后最具標志性意義的(de)(de)一項(xiang)政(zheng)策。對新(xin)備案集中式(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、工商業(ye)分布(bu)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)項(xiang)目(mu)和新(xin)核準陸上(shang)(shang)風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)，2021年起(qi)中央(yang)財政(zheng)不再補貼，實行(xing)平價(jia)(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)。對新(xin)建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)，2021年不再通(tong)過(guo)競爭性方式(shi)形成上(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，直(zhi)接(jie)執行(xing)當地燃煤發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基(ji)準價(jia)(jia)，這釋放出清晰強烈的(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)信號(hao)，有(you)利于調動各方面投資積極性，推動風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產業(ye)加快發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。同時(shi)，考(kao)慮到(dao)部分用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)希望與(yu)新(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)直(zhi)接(jie)開展市(shi)(shi)場交(jiao)易(yi)購(gou)買(mai)綠電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)并支付更高(gao)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)，新(xin)建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目(mu)可自愿通(tong)過(guo)參與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場化(hua)交(jiao)易(yi)形成上(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，以更好地體現風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)綠色電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力價(jia)(jia)值。

我國新能源(yuan)發(fa)電參與電力(li)市(shi)場(chang)現(xian)狀(zhuang)

新能源參與省內市場

中長期市場：新能(neng)源發電企(qi)業與(yu)其他(ta)常規機(ji)組一(yi)樣，按照自(zi)愿原(yuan)則與(yu)售電公司、批發用(yong)戶簽訂中長期交(jiao)易合同。

現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場：當前我國第一批八(ba)個電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場試(shi)點(dian)(dian)地區(qu)，新能源(yuan)在絕大(da)多數地區(qu)保障性收購(gou)、優(you)先(xian)消納(na)，按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場交(jiao)易(yi)規則(ze)參(can)與(yu)甘(gan)肅、蒙西(xi)、山西(xi)等三(san)省區(qu)現貨(huo)交(jiao)易(yi)。山西(xi)現貨(huo)試(shi)點(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，新能源(yuan)以報(bao)量不(bu)報(bao)價方(fang)式參(can)與(yu)日前市(shi)(shi)場，以低邊(bian)(bian)際成(cheng)本保障優(you)先(xian)出(chu)清。甘(gan)肅、蒙西(xi)現貨(huo)試(shi)點(dian)(dian)中(zhong)，新能源(yuan)以報(bao)量報(bao)價方(fang)式，在日前市(shi)(shi)場基于中(zhong)長期(qi)電(dian)(dian)量日分解曲線申報(bao)分段價格參(can)與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場出(chu)清，以低邊(bian)(bian)際成(cheng)本實現優(you)先(xian)消納(na)。從(cong)這三(san)個現貨(huo)試(shi)點(dian)(dian)的試(shi)結算來(lai)看(kan)，新能源(yuan)主要(yao)通過降低電(dian)(dian)價，甚至地板價、零價來(lai)獲(huo)取市(shi)(shi)場化電(dian)(dian)量空間。

新能(neng)源參與跨(kua)省跨(kua)區市場

中長期(qi)市(shi)場：主要(yao)有新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外(wai)(wai)送交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)大(da)用(yong)戶(hu)直接交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)常規(gui)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)省(sheng)間發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)權交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)三種(zhong)形式。新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外(wai)(wai)送交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，一般采取新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)打捆外(wai)(wai)送，主要(yao)有“點對網(wang)”和(he)“網(wang)對網(wang)”兩(liang)種(zhong)形式。新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)大(da)用(yong)戶(hu)直接交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，目前主要(yao)是銀(yin)東(dong)(dong)直流跨區外(wai)(wai)送，采用(yong)“點對點”形式，送端(duan)為銀(yin)東(dong)(dong)直流3個(ge)配套電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)企業(ye)(ye)及寧夏、青海、甘肅、陜(shan)西的(de)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)(ye)和(he)風電(dian)(dian)、光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)企業(ye)(ye)，受端(duan)為山東(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶(hu)。新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)常規(gui)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)省(sheng)間發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)權交(jiao)易(yi)(yi)，目前主要(yao)是新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)的(de)省(sheng)間發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)權轉讓和(he)置換。

現貨市場(chang)(chang)：在中(zhong)長(chang)期(qi)市場(chang)(chang)基礎上，國內探索建立了(le)富余可(ke)再生能源電力跨省跨區現貨交易，可(ke)以更好地(di)匹配新能源實際發電特(te)性，是中(zhong)長(chang)期(qi)交易的重要(yao)補(bu)充。

國外新(xin)能源參(can)與電力市(shi)場(chang)機制(zhi)

電價機制

從國際(ji)上(shang)來看，對新能源發展(zhan)的電(dian)價(jia)支持機制主要分為固定上(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)機制（Feed-in Tariff，FIT）、溢價(jia)補貼機制（Feed-in Premium，FIP）、可(ke)再生能源配額制（Renewable energy Portfolio Standard，RPS）和綠(lv)證機制。

固(gu)定(ding)上(shang)(shang)網電價(jia)(jia)機制：根據各類新(xin)能源(yuan)發電標準成(cheng)本，政(zheng)府直(zhi)接明確規定(ding)其上(shang)(shang)網電價(jia)(jia)，電網企業按(an)照政(zheng)府定(ding)價(jia)(jia)無條件收購新(xin)能源(yuan)上(shang)(shang)網電量，由(you)此(ci)增加的額外購電成(cheng)本由(you)國家補(bu)貼或計入終端用戶(hu)銷售電價(jia)(jia)。如芬蘭、德國（2012年前）。

溢(yi)價(jia)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)機(ji)制(zhi)：新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源按(an)照電(dian)力市場規(gui)則與(yu)其他常規(gui)電(dian)源無差別競價(jia)上(shang)網，同時政府為(wei)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源上(shang)網電(dian)量(liang)提供(gong)溢(yi)價(jia)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源上(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)水平(ping)為(wei)“電(dian)力市場價(jia)格+溢(yi)價(jia)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)”，溢(yi)價(jia)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)可(ke)為(wei)固定(ding)或浮動。如丹麥、荷蘭。2012年(nian)以后，德(de)國新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)企業可(ke)以選擇固定(ding)上(shang)網電(dian)價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)，也可(ke)以選擇溢(yi)價(jia)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)(tie)機(ji)制(zhi)。

可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源配額制(zhi)和(he)綠(lv)證(zheng)機(ji)制(zhi)：政府以法律的(de)形(xing)式對(dui)可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)市(shi)場(chang)份額做出(chu)(chu)的(de)強制(zhi)性規定，即電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)所供(gong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)中必須有(you)一定比例（即配額標(biao)準）由可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源供(gong)應(ying)。綠(lv)色(se)證(zheng)書(shu)是對(dui)可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)方式進行(xing)確認(ren)的(de)一種指(zhi)標(biao)，可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)市(shi)場(chang)出(chu)(chu)售電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)并(bing)獲取與(yu)其(qi)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)相(xiang)對(dui)應(ying)的(de)綠(lv)色(se)證(zheng)書(shu)，并(bing)將其(qi)在(zai)綠(lv)證(zheng)市(shi)場(chang)上出(chu)(chu)售以獲取綠(lv)證(zheng)收益。美(mei)國是世界(jie)上第一個實施(shi)可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源配額制(zhi)的(de)國家，目(mu)前美(mei)國絕(jue)大多數州都實施(shi)了配額制(zhi)。

差(cha)價(jia)(jia)合約(yue)(yue)機制(zhi)(zhi)：英國于(yu)(yu)2013年后開始實(shi)施第三次電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場改(gai)革，建立基于(yu)(yu)差(cha)價(jia)(jia)合約(yue)(yue)的長期(qi)合同制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)，為新能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)提供清晰、穩定(ding)、可預測的投資激勵(li)。其運作(zuo)方式為：新能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)與政(zheng)府(fu)簽訂雙向差(cha)價(jia)(jia)合約(yue)(yue)。當市(shi)場電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)低于(yu)(yu)合約(yue)(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)時，由政(zheng)府(fu)向發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)補貼差(cha)價(jia)(jia)；當合約(yue)(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)高于(yu)(yu)市(shi)場電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)時，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)需要向政(zheng)府(fu)退還差(cha)價(jia)(jia)。這相當于(yu)(yu)由政(zheng)府(fu)承擔市(shi)場電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)波動的風(feng)險（甚(shen)至存在(zai)零電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)、負電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)等極端(duan)過(guo)補償情況），對發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)商(shang)來說基本等同于(yu)(yu)固定(ding)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)(zhi)。

交易機制

偏(pian)差(cha)考(kao)核(he)機(ji)制(zhi)：新(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)出力(li)預測精度不(bu)足，導致(zhi)實際(ji)出力(li)與(yu)預測出力(li)存在一(yi)定偏(pian)差(cha)。國(guo)外電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)普遍(bian)會有(you)相(xiang)應的考(kao)核(he)機(ji)制(zhi)，但相(xiang)對常規機(ji)組而(er)言更為(wei)寬松一(yi)些，以鼓勵新(xin)能(neng)源參加電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)交易。如丹麥電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)中，平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)責任代(dai)理商（Balance Responsible Party，BRP）可以參與(yu)日前、日內以及(ji)輔助服(fu)務市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)（含平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)），采用雙價(jia)(jia)格(ge)結(jie)算(suan)機(ji)制(zhi)（Two-Price Settlement System）。新(xin)能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)作為(wei)BRP-P（Production，代(dai)表售(shou)電(dian)(dian)），若不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)量(liang)(liang)與(yu)系(xi)統不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)量(liang)(liang)相(xiang)反，結(jie)算(suan)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)為(wei)日前市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)；若不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)量(liang)(liang)與(yu)系(xi)統不(bu)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)量(liang)(liang)相(xiang)同，結(jie)算(suan)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)為(wei)平(ping)衡(heng)(heng)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)。

調(diao)峰市場(chang)(chang)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)：新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源占比較高的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統必須(xu)具備良好的(de)調(diao)峰能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。國(guo)外(wai)除建立常規(gui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源調(diao)峰機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)外(wai)，還鼓勵(li)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源機(ji)(ji)組主動參與(yu)系(xi)統調(diao)峰，一般(ban)采(cai)取控制(zhi)機(ji)(ji)組出力(li)的(de)方式。如北歐電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)的(de)負電(dian)(dian)價機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)、愛爾蘭(lan)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)的(de)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源機(ji)(ji)組減(jian)出力(li)獎勵(li)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)。

投資保(bao)障機制(zhi)：新能源占比較(jiao)(jiao)高的電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場，整體出清價(jia)格水(shui)平(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)低。國(guo)外一般通(tong)過建(jian)立容(rong)量補償機制(zhi)、容(rong)量市(shi)(shi)(shi)場及稀(xi)缺(que)電價(jia)機制(zhi)等保(bao)障常規機組合理收益(yi)，充(chong)分(fen)調動靈(ling)活(huo)調節性資源投資積極性，促(cu)進(jin)系統有效備用容(rong)量充(chong)足，實現電力(li)(li)系統長(chang)期安全穩定運行。如美(mei)國(guo)PJM市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的容(rong)量市(shi)(shi)(shi)場機制(zhi)、得州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場的稀(xi)缺(que)電價(jia)機制(zhi)。

跨區(qu)交易(yi)(yi)機(ji)制：加大跨國跨區(qu)外送是解決風電(dian)(dian)、光伏(fu)等新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)全(quan)額消納的最有效(xiao)手段。如(ru)北(bei)歐四國新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)占比(bi)較高，資源(yuan)(yuan)稟賦、負荷分(fen)布呈現明顯的區(qu)域不平衡(heng)性，跨國跨區(qu)交易(yi)(yi)十(shi)分(fen)頻繁，實現了(le)電(dian)(dian)力(li)資源(yuan)(yuan)在更大范(fan)圍內自由(you)流(liu)動、優化(hua)配置(zhi)。

我國新能源參與電力市場的路徑設計

隨(sui)著(zhu)我國電(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改革不斷深化(hua)(hua)，市(shi)(shi)場交(jiao)易(yi)電(dian)量(liang)規(gui)模不斷擴(kuo)大，新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)企業對(dui)參(can)與(yu)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場已有(you)預期，而且隨(sui)著(zhu)發(fa)電(dian)成本(ben)持(chi)續下降，目前(qian)已經(jing)具備參(can)與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)競(jing)爭力(li)。總體(ti)來說(shuo)，新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)參(can)與(yu)電(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場，必(bi)須堅(jian)持(chi)“有(you)效市(shi)(shi)場”與(yu)“有(you)為政(zheng)府”相(xiang)結(jie)合，妥善處理好(hao)市(shi)(shi)場建(jian)設與(yu)可持(chi)續發(fa)展之間的(de)(de)關系。既要發(fa)揮市(shi)(shi)場機(ji)制(zhi)優化(hua)(hua)資(zi)源(yuan)配置的(de)(de)作(zuo)用，也(ye)要保(bao)障新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)產業可持(chi)續健康發(fa)展，不能(neng)影響社會資(zi)本(ben)對(dui)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)產業的(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)積(ji)極性。

對于新能(neng)源存(cun)量(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，參(can)與電力市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)必須以(yi)兌現政(zheng)策(ce)為(wei)前提。保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)利(li)用小時數(shu)（合(he)(he)理利(li)用小時數(shu)）以(yi)內(nei)的(de)(de)電量(liang)“保(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)價”收購，保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)利(li)用小時數(shu)（合(he)(he)理利(li)用小時數(shu)）以(yi)外的(de)(de)電量(liang)參(can)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)性(xing)(xing)收購電量(liang)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)通(tong)過(guo)優先安排年度(du)發(fa)(fa)電計劃(hua)、與電網公司簽訂優先發(fa)(fa)電合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)（實物合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)或差價合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)）保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)全(quan)額按政(zheng)府核定電價收購；市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)交易電量(liang)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)由(you)新能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電企業(ye)通(tong)過(guo)參(can)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)競爭(zheng)方式獲得發(fa)(fa)電合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)，電網企業(ye)按照優先調(diao)(diao)度(du)原則(ze)執行發(fa)(fa)電合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)。對于新能(neng)源增(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，原則(ze)上全(quan)部(bu)電量(liang)參(can)與市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)。為(wei)避(bi)免短(duan)期(qi)內(nei)政(zheng)策(ce)調(diao)(diao)整過(guo)大、保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)新能(neng)源投(tou)資積(ji)極性(xing)(xing)，可考慮給予一(yi)定過(guo)渡期(qi)，過(guo)渡期(qi)內(nei)仍給予增(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)一(yi)定保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)(zhang)政(zheng)策(ce)，過(guo)渡期(qi)結束后(hou)增(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)全(quan)部(bu)電量(liang)進入市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)，同(tong)(tong)時要(yao)提前明確過(guo)渡期(qi)時限，穩定市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)預期(qi)。

電力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)機(ji)(ji)制是決定市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)運(yun)行效(xiao)率和交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)規(gui)模的(de)關鍵因(yin)素。高效(xiao)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)機(ji)(ji)制可以(yi)促進(jin)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)積極參(can)與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)優化配置(zhi)。對于(yu)(yu)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)參(can)與(yu)跨(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)區電能(neng)(neng)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，以(yi)中長期交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為主(zhu)(zhu)，同時結(jie)合短期跨(kua)(kua)省(sheng)跨(kua)(kua)區富(fu)余新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。前者通過新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與(yu)火電打(da)捆形成(cheng)穩定出力(li)(li)再進(jin)行外送，后者對新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電量(liang)(liang)外送的(de)針對性更(geng)強，方(fang)式(shi)(shi)更(geng)加(jia)靈活。對于(yu)(yu)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)參(can)與(yu)省(sheng)內電能(neng)(neng)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，仍(reng)以(yi)中長期交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為主(zhu)(zhu)，鼓勵(li)以(yi)報(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)不報(bao)(bao)(bao)價或(huo)報(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價方(fang)式(shi)(shi)參(can)與(yu)電力(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。初期，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)以(yi)報(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)不報(bao)(bao)(bao)價方(fang)式(shi)(shi)參(can)與(yu)電力(li)(li)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)，作為價格接受者優先(xian)出清，實(shi)現(xian)(xian)全額消納。這種模式(shi)(shi)和原來上報(bao)(bao)(bao)功率預測給調度類(lei)似(si)，關鍵在于(yu)(yu)預測準(zhun)確率。待條件成(cheng)熟(shu)以(yi)后，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)逐步(bu)向報(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)報(bao)(bao)(bao)價方(fang)式(shi)(shi)過渡。為降(jiang)低新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)功率預測誤差、提高競爭力(li)(li)，可為其提供靈活的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)機(ji)(ji)制，如允許(xu)其在日內、實(shi)時市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)二次申(shen)報(bao)(bao)(bao)量(liang)(liang)價曲(qu)線。

對于(yu)新能源占比(bi)較高的(de)地(di)區，要進一步(bu)完善調峰、調頻及輔助(zhu)服務(wu)等(deng)激勵機制，可探(tan)索開展(zhan)爬坡(po)（快速升降功率）、系(xi)統慣(guan)性（系(xi)統瞬(shun)時(shi)穩定頻率變(bian)化的(de)能力）等(deng)輔助(zhu)服務(wu)交易品種(zhong)。

有關建議

深(shen)入分(fen)析現貨試點運行情況，進一步優化(hua)新能源參與電力(li)市(shi)場機制

作為全國第一批現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨試(shi)(shi)點，山(shan)西(xi)(xi)、甘肅在(zai)推(tui)進(jin)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)參(can)(can)(can)與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)方面先(xian)行(xing)(xing)先(xian)試(shi)(shi)、積極探索，基本形成(cheng)了可執行(xing)(xing)的(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)規則體系，市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)優化配置資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)效果(guo)初步顯現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。隨(sui)著現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)長(chang)周(zhou)期結(jie)算(suan)試(shi)(shi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，也逐步暴露出一些(xie)問題，如(ru)新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)長(chang)期交(jiao)易機(ji)制不夠(gou)靈活、現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)峰谷價(jia)差過低、超額收(shou)(shou)益(yi)回收(shou)(shou)機(ji)制不夠(gou)完善、用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)參(can)(can)(can)與度(du)不高等，新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)企業普遍反映參(can)(can)(can)與現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)后度(du)電收(shou)(shou)益(yi)下降(jiang)。建議在(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)框(kuang)架下，堅持問題導向，進(jin)一步完善山(shan)西(xi)(xi)、甘肅新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)參(can)(can)(can)與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)配套機(ji)制，如(ru)增加(jia)旬(xun)、周(zhou)等交(jiao)易頻次來提升中(zhong)長(chang)期交(jiao)易靈活性(xing)、適當放(fang)寬現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)限價(jia)和超額收(shou)(shou)益(yi)回收(shou)(shou)機(ji)制觸發(fa)門檻、分(fen)類分(fen)批推(tui)動用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)參(can)(can)(can)與市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)等，邊運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)、邊完善、邊總結(jie)，同時加(jia)強市(shi)(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)監控與風險(xian)防范，爭取(qu)今(jin)年實現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)不間斷連續結(jie)算(suan)試(shi)(shi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，為其他地區(qu)提供可借(jie)鑒的(de)成(cheng)功經驗。

充分吸收借鑒國外先進經驗，提出我(wo)國新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)參與(yu)電力市場(chang)頂層設(she)計方案

從全世界(jie)范(fan)(fan)圍來看(kan)，在(zai)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發展初期，許多(duo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)通過固定上網(wang)電價(jia)機(ji)制(zhi)、溢(yi)價(jia)補(bu)貼機(ji)制(zhi)、可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)配額制(zhi)、綠證等(deng)政策鼓勵新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)產業(ye)發展，基(ji)本是以保障性(xing)(xing)消(xiao)納為主，市(shi)場(chang)化機(ji)制(zhi)為輔(fu)，不斷提(ti)升(sheng)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)電力市(shi)場(chang)中的(de)競(jing)爭(zheng)力。隨著(zhu)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)快速發展、競(jing)爭(zheng)力不斷提(ti)升(sheng)，政府(fu)逐漸減少補(bu)貼，推動其平價(jia)甚(shen)至低價(jia)上網(wang)。此外，國(guo)(guo)外還在(zai)完(wan)善電量(liang)偏差處(chu)理機(ji)制(zhi)、調峰調頻(pin)及(ji)輔(fu)助服務機(ji)制(zhi)，推動新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)更大市(shi)場(chang)范(fan)(fan)圍內消(xiao)納等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面進行了(le)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)探索和(he)實踐，積累了(le)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)寶貴(gui)經驗。目(mu)前來看(kan)，這些(xie)都(dou)基(ji)本符合(he)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發展的(de)趨(qu)勢及(ji)路(lu)徑選擇，國(guo)(guo)外新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)參與電力市(shi)場(chang)的(de)經驗對我(wo)國(guo)(guo)具(ju)有很(hen)(hen)強的(de)借鑒意義。建議充分吸收借鑒國(guo)(guo)外成熟經驗，提(ti)出一套符合(he)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)基(ji)本國(guo)(guo)情、統籌考慮(lv)多(duo)元目(mu)標、具(ju)有可操(cao)作性(xing)(xing)的(de)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)參與電力市(shi)場(chang)頂層設計方(fang)(fang)案和(he)實施方(fang)(fang)案。

充分考(kao)慮新能源出力特(te)性，穩妥有序推動其參與全(quan)國統一(yi)電力市場體系

新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)優(you)缺點都十分(fen)突(tu)出，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)環境(jing)下，低(di)變動成(cheng)本使其(qi)在競價中(zhong)占有絕對優(you)勢，但(dan)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)受天氣變化(hua)(hua)(hua)影響(xiang)顯著，其(qi)波動性(xing)、隨機性(xing)、間(jian)歇性(xing)等(deng)特點決定了新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)在年度(du)、月度(du)交(jiao)(jiao)易中(zhong)簽訂帶曲線的(de)中(zhong)長(chang)期合(he)同難度(du)很大，但(dan)現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)又(you)要求必(bi)須(xu)對新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)中(zhong)長(chang)期合(he)約進行(xing)結(jie)算(suan)曲線分(fen)解，以便與現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)有效銜接(jie)。局(ju)部新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力(li)難以滿足(zu)購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求物理(li)合(he)約曲線，這決定了新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)必(bi)須(xu)在更(geng)大市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)范圍內(nei)統(tong)一(yi)優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)配置(zhi)，納入全(quan)國(guo)統(tong)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)體系是未來發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)必(bi)然趨勢。建議在全(quan)國(guo)統(tong)一(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)易機制設(she)(she)計中(zhong)，一(yi)方面要充分(fen)考慮新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)波動性(xing)、不確定性(xing)、低(di)邊際成(cheng)本等(deng)特點，研究建立適(shi)應新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)參與的(de)多時間(jian)尺度(du)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)、縮(suo)短交(jiao)(jiao)易周期，加快推動各省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)建設(she)(she)，鼓勵(li)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)參與現(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，做好優(you)先發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保障(zhang)和市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)(jiao)易的(de)銜接(jie)；另一(yi)方面要通(tong)過(guo)合(he)理(li)的(de)投(tou)資保障(zhang)機制，調(diao)動靈活調(diao)節(jie)性(xing)資源(yuan)（特別是抽水蓄能(neng)和新(xin)(xin)型儲能(neng)）投(tou)資積極性(xing)，通(tong)過(guo)運(yun)行(xing)階段規則設(she)(she)計充分(fen)調(diao)動靈活性(xing)調(diao)節(jie)資源(yuan)的(de)潛力(li)，保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)長(chang)期安全(quan)可靠運(yun)行(xing)。

加快(kuai)調峰、調頻等輔(fu)助服(fu)務市場(chang)建設(she)，支撐高比例(li)大規模新能源參與電力(li)市場(chang)

輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)是保(bao)障以新能(neng)源為主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)新型電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)安全穩定(ding)高效運(yun)(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)基礎。目前我國(guo)各地(di)的(de)(de)(de)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)大多處于初步(bu)開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)和探索的(de)(de)(de)狀態(tai)，在緩解電(dian)網調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)壓力及新能(neng)源消(xiao)納方面(mian)已初具成效，但成本疏導(dao)和分攤(tan)(tan)機(ji)制尚不(bu)清晰、亟待完善。建(jian)議優化調(diao)(diao)峰(feng)、調(diao)(diao)頻等現有(you)(you)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)，創新開(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)備用、爬坡響應、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)慣(guan)性等輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)品種設(she)計，促(cu)進系(xi)統(tong)(tong)靈活調(diao)(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)提升。引(yin)導(dao)和培育更(geng)多市(shi)(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)體參(can)與輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)，鼓勵抽水蓄能(neng)、新型儲能(neng)、虛擬電(dian)廠、需求響應等新興市(shi)(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)體發揮自身靈活調(diao)(diao)節(jie)能(neng)力，通過(guo)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)獲取(qu)合理收益，實現電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)行效率更(geng)高、運(yun)(yun)行成本更(geng)低。推動輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)與現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)有(you)(you)序銜接、融(rong)合發展(zhan)(zhan)，通過(guo)現貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)價格信號引(yin)導(dao)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)體積極參(can)與輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)。按照“誰受益，誰承(cheng)擔”的(de)(de)(de)原則，進一步(bu)完善用戶側市(shi)(shi)場(chang)主(zhu)體分攤(tan)(tan)輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)費用機(ji)制，為逐步(bu)健全輔(fu)(fu)(fu)助(zhu)服(fu)務(wu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)體系(xi)奠定(ding)基礎。

做(zuo)好新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)參與電力(li)市場(chang)(chang)與可再(zai)生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)配額制、綠色(se)電力(li)交易等其他政策工具，市場(chang)(chang)機制有效銜(xian)接與協同，逐步建立以新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)為主體的新(xin)型、統一(yi)、綠色(se)的電力(li)市場(chang)(chang)發(fa)展(zhan)路徑(jing)

當(dang)前我(wo)(wo)國電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化改革與全國碳市(shi)(shi)場(chang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設、可(ke)再生能源配額(e)交易(yi)、綠(lv)色電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交易(yi)等(deng)都處在穩步推(tui)進(jin)、逐(zhu)漸完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。要(yao)充分發揮這些市(shi)(shi)場(chang)化機制(zhi)、政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)工具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢互補作(zuo)用，從(cong)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)之間(jian)相互促(cu)進(jin)、協(xie)同(tong)激(ji)勵的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度出(chu)發，最終構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)以新(xin)(xin)能源為主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)、統(tong)一(yi)、綠(lv)色電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系(xi)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)議超前謀劃，及早(zao)部署研究面向(xiang)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)、統(tong)一(yi)、綠(lv)色電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)協(xie)同(tong)運行為最終目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分階段市(shi)(shi)場(chang)形態(tai)演(yan)化模式、市(shi)(shi)場(chang)之間(jian)協(xie)同(tong)運行所具(ju)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)(ce)及機制(zhi)條件、推(tui)進(jin)多市(shi)(shi)場(chang)之間(jian)協(xie)調(diao)運行的(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)進(jin)路(lu)徑與關鍵舉措等(deng)重大課(ke)題，逐(zhu)步建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)以新(xin)(xin)能源為主體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)發展路(lu)徑，推(tui)動我(wo)(wo)國能源低碳轉型(xing)，助力(li)(li)碳達峰(feng)、碳中(zhong)和(he)(he)目標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實現。近期可(ke)考慮試點建(jian)(jian)(jian)立(li)綠(lv)色電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)交易(yi)機制(zhi)和(he)(he)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)體(ti)系(xi)，充分發揮市(shi)(shi)場(chang)在促(cu)進(jin)和(he)(he)保障綠(lv)色電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)生產消費過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用，充分反映綠(lv)色電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)價值，統(tong)籌激(ji)勵、引(yin)導需求側和(he)(he)供給側積極性(xing)，促(cu)進(jin)包括新(xin)(xin)能源在內的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)色能源快速發展。

注：本文刊載于《中國電力企業管理》2021年06期，作者單位：中國南方電網有限責任公司改革發展研究中心。