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經過2017~2019年3年的(de)準備，我國(guo)(guo)(guo)8個電力現貨試(shi)點地區于2019年四季度開始(shi)進入全面短(duan)期試(shi)結算階(jie)段。雖然短(duan)期的(de)試(shi)結算暴露了(le)市(shi)場設計、技術支持系統、配(pei)套制(zhi)度等多方面的(de)問(wen)題(ti)，但是實操的(de)成果已經驗證了(le)電力現貨市(shi)場替代計劃調度制(zhi)度在(zai)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)可行性，國(guo)(guo)(guo)外市(shi)場的(de)通(tong)行規律在(zai)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)并沒有顯得“水土不服”。

根據相關工(gong)作安排，在(zai)即將(jiang)(jiang)到來的(de)(de)2020年四(si)季度，不(bu)出(chu)意(yi)外8個電力(li)現貨(huo)試(shi)點地區將(jiang)(jiang)進(jin)入長周(zhou)期(qi)試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)運行，對于山東等已經走完省(sheng)內(nei)行政授權程(cheng)序的(de)(de)省(sheng)份(fen)可(ke)能將(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)間斷持續(xu)運行下去，其(qi)他(ta)省(sheng)份(fen)也將(jiang)(jiang)開展連(lian)續(xu)1月或連(lian)續(xu)2月的(de)(de)長周(zhou)期(qi)試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)運行。成(cheng)績讓人振奮(fen)，然而(er)長周(zhou)期(qi)試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)的(de)(de)隱(yin)患也逐(zhu)漸(jian)被業內(nei)認知：盡管(guan)電力(li)現貨(huo)市場本(ben)身不(bu)存在(zai)大的(de)(de)問(wen)題，但是配套制度修改滯后可(ke)能讓長周(zhou)期(qi)試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)“功敗垂(chui)成(cheng)”。

現行優先發用電制度與電力現貨市場建設存在不協調的問題

現行(xing)優先(xian)發(fa)用電制(zhi)度(du)設計主要目的有三(san)個，一是(shi)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)居民(min)、農業和公益(yi)性(xing)事業等享(xiang)受交叉(cha)補貼的用戶用電價格水(shui)平不(bu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)改變；二是(shi)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)國家指令計劃(hua)和政(zheng)府間(jian)協議(yi)的執行(xing)，例如保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)遠程輸送(song)的大(da)型水(shui)電的投(tou)資收(shou)益(yi)、保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)電網遠程輸送(song)通道的利用率；三(san)是(shi)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)電源(yuan)側行(xing)業政(zheng)策(ce)的延(yan)續性(xing)，例如保(bao)障(zhang)可再生(sheng)(sheng)能源(yuan)的全額保(bao)障(zhang)性(xing)收(shou)購，保(bao)障(zhang)核電不(bu)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)核燃(ran)料(liao)的浪費；四是(shi)保(bao)障(zhang)涉及民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)政(zheng)策(ce)的供暖不(bu)受市場影響，以及高效利用燃(ran)料(liao)的熱電聯產(chan)機(ji)組生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)。

為實現(xian)上述(shu)目的(de)(de)，現(xian)行優(you)(you)先發電(dian)(dian)(dian)制度的(de)(de)具體操作(zuo)主(zhu)要采(cai)取下(xia)述(shu)措施，對于(yu)居民、農(nong)業和(he)公益性事業，采(cai)用(yong)繼續執行原(yuan)來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)目錄電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)，且對用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線不進行任何約(yue)束的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)；對于(yu)國家指令計劃和(he)政府間協議，仍(reng)(reng)(reng)然執行原(yuan)有的(de)(de)購電(dian)(dian)(dian)協議，國調確(que)保一(yi)年內總(zong)輸送量(liang)不變，保價(jia)由受電(dian)(dian)(dian)地區消納，不論(lun)是(shi)否(fou)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)送端交(jiao)流網，均優(you)(you)先使用(yong)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力；對于(yu)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)以外(wai)的(de)(de)機組，非水可再生能源、核(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)仍(reng)(reng)(reng)按照原(yuan)來(lai)(lai)計劃調度方(fang)式(shi)“保價(jia)保量(liang)”收(shou)購，調節義務仍(reng)(reng)(reng)由其(qi)他煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)機承擔；對于(yu)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯產機組供熱需(xu)要的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，仍(reng)(reng)(reng)采(cai)用(yong)“保價(jia)保量(liang)”方(fang)式(shi)簽(qian)訂中長期(qi)合同，優(you)(you)先列入(ru)(ru)開機組合。

可見，現(xian)行優(you)先(xian)(xian)發用(yong)電(dian)制(zhi)度實質上形成(cheng)了(le)電(dian)力市場(chang)的雙軌制(zhi)結構，在(zai)(zai)以中長期交易(yi)為主的市場(chang)環(huan)境中是沒有問題的，因為中長期交易(yi)主要目(mu)的是為了(le)規避風(feng)險和(he)鎖定收(shou)益。而矛(mao)盾則(ze)主要出現(xian)在(zai)(zai)實際執行過程中，本該停留(liu)在(zai)(zai)規避風(feng)險和(he)鎖定收(shou)益的優(you)先(xian)(xian)發用(yong)電(dian)制(zhi)度擴展到了(le)電(dian)力現(xian)貨市場(chang)，將優(you)先(xian)(xian)發用(yong)電(dian)設涉(she)及的用(yong)戶(hu)和(he)電(dian)源(yuan)繼續執行計劃調度，優(you)先(xian)(xian)使用(yong)網(wang)絡(luo)通道。

電(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)主要任(ren)務(wu)是(shi)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)價格和(he)保證電(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統平衡。從(cong)經(jing)濟學上講，電(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場依靠供(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)價格，供(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)真實程度(du)決定了發(fa)現(xian)(xian)價格的(de)(de)準(zhun)(zhun)確性(xing)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)要全部(bu)與電(dian)網連接的(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)設備參(can)加(jia)電(dian)力(li)現(xian)(xian)貨市(shi)(shi)場以保證供(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)真實性(xing)。現(xian)(xian)行的(de)(de)部(bu)分用戶和(he)電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)“不參(can)與”，造成(cheng)了供(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)關系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)割裂，特別是(shi)在不參(can)加(jia)市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)用戶電(dian)量電(dian)力(li)和(he)電(dian)源(yuan)生產的(de)(de)電(dian)量電(dian)力(li)不匹配的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，供(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)被(bei)扭(niu)曲的(de)(de)程度(du)被(bei)放大，準(zhun)(zhun)確發(fa)現(xian)(xian)價格的(de)(de)“能力(li)”無(wu)從(cong)談起。

從另一(yi)個(ge)(ge)角度來看，電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)在系(xi)(xi)統(tong)層面(mian)要(yao)形成經濟輸送和(he)潮流的(de)分配，無論優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)的(de)主(zhu)體還是市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體，都要(yao)使(shi)用同(tong)一(yi)張電(dian)(dian)網(wang)，優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)主(zhu)體無償優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)占有(you)了網(wang)絡的(de)輸送能(neng)力(li)，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)難(nan)于(yu)形成最優(you)(you)的(de)經濟潮流，優(you)(you)化配置資源的(de)能(neng)力(li)大(da)打(da)折(zhe)扣(kou)，好(hao)比一(yi)個(ge)(ge)鍋里吃飯，規則(ze)卻(que)不一(yi)樣，難(nan)免出現優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)用電(dian)(dian)主(zhu)體和(he)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)主(zhu)體之間(jian)互相侵害利益的(de)事件。還要(yao)指出的(de)是，電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)機(ji)制是傳統(tong)的(de)計(ji)劃(hua)調度機(ji)制替代(dai)者，對(dui)于(yu)調度機(ji)構來說，電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行遵循統(tong)一(yi)的(de)規則(ze)可以最有(you)利于(yu)保證系(xi)(xi)統(tong)安全穩定運(yun)行，“半市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)、半計(ji)劃(hua)”的(de)調度方式(shi)必將嚴重影響電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)可靠性。

雙軌制沖突的試結算案例

現行優先(xian)發用電制度(du)與電力現貨市場建設存在(zai)不協調的(de)問題，已(yi)經不是紙面上(shang)的(de)爭論，在(zai)8個試點地區的(de)短周期試結算過程中矛盾頻繁出現，以下三個事例不同程度(du)地說明了(le)重視(shi)優先(xian)發用電制度(du)“二次改革”的(de)重要性。

例子1：優先發電不參與電力現貨市場影響短期試結算電費收支平衡

D省今年某月短(duan)期(qi)試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)4天(tian)(tian)，市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)超過(guo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)機組(zu)(zu)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)中市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3。由于外(wai)(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)光和核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)優(you)(you)先占(zhan)通道、優(you)(you)先享受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)空(kong)(kong)間，市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)機組(zu)(zu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)但(dan)沒(mei)有得益，還把(ba)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)空(kong)(kong)間丟(diu)掉了，市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)實際上(shang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)未參(can)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)光和核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。該問題直接(jie)(jie)反映在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)上(shang)就是(shi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)，即用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)支(zhi)付的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足以(yi)支(zhi)付市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)機組(zu)(zu)和外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)光和核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)。主要原因是(shi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)價格較低，市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)按(an)(an)照較低價格的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)光和核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)部分卻要按(an)(an)照相對的(de)(de)(de)(de)高價結(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)（優(you)(you)先發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)“保價”結(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)）。僅僅4天(tian)(tian)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)就達到了近億(yi)元，按(an)(an)照規則應當(dang)由外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)承(cheng)擔超過(guo)一(yi)半，由省內風(feng)(feng)(feng)光和核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)承(cheng)擔接(jie)(jie)近一(yi)半。如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)能(neng)(neng)夠落實就意味著外(wai)(wai)來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)(feng)(feng)光和核電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實質上(shang)參(can)與了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現貨(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)，這是(shi)與優(you)(you)先發(fa)(fa)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制度不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)協調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)；如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)無法落實，即“無過(guo)錯”的(de)(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)機組(zu)(zu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)承(cheng)擔優(you)(you)先發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，那么4天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續(xu)試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)就成了連(lian)續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)運行，如(ru)果(guo)按(an)(an)此(ci)情況開展長(chang)周期(qi)連(lian)續(xu)試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)(suan)(suan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)收(shou)(shou)(shou)支(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)將呈量(liang)(liang)級化(hua)(hua)增長(chang)，出現的(de)(de)(de)(de)“大(da)坑”誰來填？會不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會再次(ci)上(shang)演(yan)十幾年前(qian)東北(bei)區(qu)域(yu)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)由于不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)資金量(liang)(liang)過(guo)大(da)而“停擺”的(de)(de)(de)(de)事故？

例子2：外來電參與現貨市場與水電棄水電量

G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)外來電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均為(wei)政府間(jian)協議(yi)(yi)，協議(yi)(yi)框架(jia)內(nei)(nei)按照G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)結算(suan)，協議(yi)(yi)框架(jia)外的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)按照Y省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場價(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)平均數結算(suan)。據有(you)關部門(men)計算(suan)，由于(yu)G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)全(quan)部進入市(shi)場，綜(zong)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)大幅降低(di)，政府間(jian)協議(yi)(yi)造(zao)成G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)每年多支付超(chao)過50億元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費。特別是(shi)G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場運行(xing)期間(jian)，低(di)谷(gu)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)低(di)于(yu)0.1元(yuan)，低(di)谷(gu)時(shi)(shi)段出(chu)現(xian)了(le)(le)高價(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向低(di)價(jia)(jia)地區流動的(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)市(shi)場機制配置資源的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況。G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)因此建議(yi)(yi)協議(yi)(yi)框架(jia)內(nei)(nei)繼續維持現(xian)狀(zhuang)，但是(shi)希望協議(yi)(yi)框架(jia)外的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不(bu)再列為(wei)優(you)(you)先發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場價(jia)(jia)格(ge)結算(suan)，建議(yi)(yi)從(cong)情(qing)(qing)感和(he)(he)經濟關系上(shang)是(shi)可(ke)(ke)以理解，并且站得(de)住腳。但是(shi)站在(zai)Y省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)角(jiao)度(du)上(shang)看，G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)低(di)谷(gu)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)均價(jia)(jia)保(bao)持在(zai)0.1元(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)上(shang)下，扣(kou)掉(diao)近0.2元(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)絡輸送(song)(song)費用，Y省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)獲得(de)了(le)(le)一個低(di)谷(gu)的(de)(de)(de)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，就(jiu)(jiu)要“掏錢(qian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”，對于(yu)以百億計的(de)(de)(de)增送(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，損失(shi)難以接(jie)(jie)受。就(jiu)(jiu)算(suan)可(ke)(ke)以用中(zhong)長期合(he)同(tong)避險，由于(yu)現(xian)貨(huo)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)和(he)(he)中(zhong)長期交易價(jia)(jia)格(ge)是(shi)“共(gong)振(zhen)”的(de)(de)(de)，G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)也不(bu)會放著便宜(yi)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)谷(gu)現(xian)貨(huo)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)不(bu)要，支付差(cha)價(jia)(jia)達到0.3元(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)“智商稅”。那么Y省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)會認為(wei)“可(ke)(ke)低(di)價(jia)(jia)盡社會責任，不(bu)能掏錢(qian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”，結果(guo)可(ke)(ke)能會出(chu)現(xian)低(di)谷(gu)棄水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)上(shang)升(sheng)，“向河里倒(dao)牛奶”的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)況真實發生。G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和(he)(he)Y省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)想法都有(you)道(dao)理，孰是(shi)孰非是(shi)現(xian)行(xing)優(you)(you)先發用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制度(du)不(bu)能回答的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。然而，這(zhe)種爭議(yi)(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)影響了(le)(le)協議(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)進入G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)場，間(jian)接(jie)(jie)影響了(le)(le)G省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力現(xian)貨(huo)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)準確性。

例子3：接入同一交流網的非省調機組繼續執行計劃調度，影響電力現貨市場出清結果

S省(sheng)今(jin)年(nian)某(mou)月短(duan)期試結(jie)(jie)算(suan)期間，與(yu)其(qi)網(wang)(wang)內(nei)相連網(wang)(wang)調機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)仍(reng)然(ran)執(zhi)行(xing)優先(xian)發電計(ji)劃下的(de)(de)計(ji)劃調度(du)方式(shi)，由網(wang)(wang)調直接給(gei)予出(chu)(chu)力曲線(xian)。該機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)力與(yu)當地電力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場毫無關(guan)系，卻(que)直接對(dui)S省(sheng)現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場出(chu)(chu)清(qing)、機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)開停(ting)、潮(chao)流分布和節點(dian)電價計(ji)算(suan)產生(sheng)(sheng)影響(xiang)，受到市(shi)場主體的(de)(de)廣泛質疑。網(wang)(wang)調和網(wang)(wang)調機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)很委屈，認為“就(jiu)是按(an)照制度(du)在執(zhi)行(xing)，沒有任何(he)違(wei)反規(gui)(gui)章行(xing)為”，利(li)益受損的(de)(de)該省(sheng)調機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)卻(que)認為“同一(yi)(yi)張網(wang)(wang)內(nei)，憑什(shen)么分三六九等”，既(ji)然(ran)一(yi)(yi)張網(wang)(wang)，既(ji)然(ran)影響(xiang)市(shi)場主體利(li)益，就(jiu)應(ying)該按(an)照一(yi)(yi)個規(gui)(gui)則處理(li)，否則不(bu)能“愉快地一(yi)(yi)起游戲”。如果(guo)不(bu)同調度(du)關(guan)系的(de)(de)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)(zu)，持(chi)續(xu)影響(xiang)S省(sheng)內(nei)電力現(xian)(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場的(de)(de)運行(xing)，那么難免長周期試結(jie)(jie)算(suan)會與(yu)計(ji)劃調度(du)矛(mao)盾，產生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)利(li)因素。

除了上述例子，優先(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電制度(du)也對電力現貨市場長(chang)(chang)周期試結算有影響，其中比較突(tu)出的是“用(yong)(yong)(yong)電計(ji)劃(hua)的非強制放開”——用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)在一定條(tiao)件下可以回(hui)到優先(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電制度(du)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)原有目錄電價結算。長(chang)(chang)此(ci)以往(wang)，一旦長(chang)(chang)周期試結算中某些用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)利益受(shou)損，便會立刻利用(yong)(yong)(yong)這一“方(fang)便之(zhi)門”回(hui)到優先(xian)(xian)(xian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電制度(du)之(zhi)下。

這些矛盾如不能解(jie)決，長周期的(de)電力現(xian)貨市場試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)工作(zuo)(zuo)很容易(yi)會“踢到(dao)（配套制度的(de)）鐵板”，恐怕我們難(nan)以聽到(dao)電力現(xian)貨市場長周期試(shi)結(jie)算(suan)工作(zuo)(zuo)順利開展(zhan)的(de)消(xiao)息(xi)。

盡快推動優先發用電制度的“二次革命”

優(you)先發用電(dian)(dian)(dian)制度(du)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力現貨市(shi)場機制的(de)矛盾并非非此(ci)即彼，或者是應該立刻放(fang)棄發用電(dian)(dian)(dian)制度(du)。極端的(de)改革(ge)措施(shi)不符合我(wo)國漸進(jin)式改革(ge)的(de)一貫做(zuo)法，如果現在放(fang)棄優(you)先發用電(dian)(dian)(dian)制度(du)，可能會(hui)造(zao)成利益主體激(ji)烈的(de)反(fan)對，也(ye)可能影響我(wo)國產業(ye)政策的(de)落實，進(jin)而影響到電(dian)(dian)(dian)力現貨市(shi)場的(de)建設。

從另(ling)一(yi)個角(jiao)度來(lai)說，優(you)(you)先發(fa)用電(dian)制度不(bu)(bu)但不(bu)(bu)應(ying)該放棄，反(fan)而應(ying)該配合電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)建設(she)(she)的(de)需要進(jin)行完善，畢竟(jing)“全(quan)盤(pan)顛(dian)覆”不(bu)(bu)是電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)需要的(de)環境，電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)建設(she)(she)需要優(you)(you)先發(fa)電(dian)制度的(de)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)完善作(zuo)為助力(li)(li)。優(you)(you)先發(fa)用電(dian)制度應(ying)當限定其使用范(fan)圍(wei)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)長期(qi)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)內(nei)，這樣就可(ke)以(yi)實現(xian)其為國家可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源產業政(zheng)策和(he)民生(sheng)(sheng)政(zheng)策服務，彌補電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)無(wu)法考(kao)慮國家可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能源產業政(zheng)策和(he)民生(sheng)(sheng)政(zheng)策的(de)短(duan)板，又(you)不(bu)(bu)直接影響(xiang)電(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)價格發(fa)現(xian)的(de)功能和(he)目的(de)。因此，優(you)(you)先發(fa)用電(dian)制度近期(qi)需要在(zai)(zai)以(yi)往基礎上進(jin)行“二次改革”。

一(yi)是(shi)優先(xian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)制度(du)可以過(guo)渡為政府(fu)(fu)(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)同制度(du)在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)之外發(fa)(fa)揮作用(yong)。政府(fu)(fu)(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)同與(yu)優先(xian)發(fa)(fa)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)制度(du)不同之處在于，政府(fu)(fu)(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)同不是(shi)分配發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)指標，二是(shi)通過(guo)經(jing)濟手段貫(guan)徹產業政策，政府(fu)(fu)(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)同僅在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)外發(fa)(fa)揮作用(yong)，不影響、不干(gan)涉(she)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)經(jing)濟潮流的(de)(de)形成，各類型全部電(dian)(dian)量(liang)均(jun)需(xu)通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)得以執行。政府(fu)(fu)(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)同一(yi)經(jing)授(shou)權(quan)，政府(fu)(fu)(fu)有(you)關(guan)部門自身也(ye)不得進行調整和改變(bian)。政府(fu)(fu)(fu)授(shou)權(quan)合(he)同在執行過(guo)程中(zhong)，與(yu)其他市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)化的(de)(de)中(zhong)長(chang)期合(he)同具有(you)同等地位，通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)(huo)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)公平的(de)(de)予以執行。

在世(shi)界(jie)范(fan)圍內，通過政府(fu)授權合同在中長期(qi)交(jiao)易(yi)領域進行宏觀調控的(de)案例屢見不鮮(xian)。2018年，在電力市(shi)場(chang)已經建成十(shi)幾年的(de)新(xin)加坡，發(fa)電企業仍然(ran)得(de)到(dao)了(le)占全部發(fa)電量25%的(de)政府(fu)授權合同，政府(fu)授權合同與中長期(qi)市(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易(yi)合同性質相同，財務責任無差別(bie)進行交(jiao)割(ge)。

在通過政府授(shou)權合(he)(he)同保障(zhang)基本經濟利(li)益的(de)情況下，可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能源、核電(dian)(dian)均可(ke)(ke)進入電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市場，國家指令計劃和政府間協議也(ye)可(ke)(ke)“無縫銜(xian)接”轉化為中長期合(he)(he)同，外來(lai)電(dian)(dian)即可(ke)(ke)進入電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市場，承擔(dan)相應經濟責任。一(yi)方面電(dian)(dian)力(li)現貨市場由于供需(xu)的(de)真實性(xing)得以保證，實現了發(fa)現價格(ge)的(de)準確(que)性(xing)，另一(yi)方面各(ge)利(li)益主體(ti)符合(he)(he)國家產(chan)業政策的(de)既(ji)得利(li)益也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以得到基本保障(zhang)。

二是優(you)(you)先發(fa)用(yong)電可以“放(fang)開為主(zhu)、收(shou)放(fang)并舉”為原(yuan)則執行(xing)。新電改五(wu)年以來(lai)，發(fa)用(yong)電計劃放(fang)開均采用(yong)直接(jie)放(fang)開總量(liang)的(de)方式進(jin)行(xing)，尚(shang)未出(chu)現將市場化的(de)電量(liang)重新納入優(you)(you)先發(fa)用(yong)電的(de)案例(li)。實際上，發(fa)用(yong)電計劃放(fang)開的(de)步驟完全(quan)可以更加靈活，即優(you)(you)先發(fa)用(yong)電覆蓋的(de)范圍(wei)可以根據(ju)實際需要(yao)結(jie)合實際調整(zheng)，放(fang)的(de)不合適的(de)可以收(shou)回來(lai)，歷史(shi)上沒有在優(you)(you)先發(fa)用(yong)電覆蓋范圍(wei)內的(de)，可以配合電力(li)現貨市場建設，在一定(ding)時期(qi)再度納入進(jin)來(lai)。

例子2中G省和(he)Y省的(de)(de)爭議完(wan)全(quan)可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用上述(shu)方(fang)法得(de)到解決，G省和(he)Y省之間的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)議電(dian)(dian)量(liang)放開(kai)，可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用先放開(kai)歷史(shi)上協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)議內電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)方(fang)式進行，這樣(yang)由(you)于歷史(shi)上協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)議電(dian)(dian)量(liang)有(you)高(gao)峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，也有(you)低谷(gu)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，高(gao)低匹配能夠基本滿足(zu)成交價(jia)格水平(ping)不(bu)(bu)致發生大(da)幅降低；對于低谷(gu)增送的(de)(de)水電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，雖然(ran)在(zai)歷史(shi)上屬于協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)議外電(dian)(dian)量(liang)，一直通過雙(shuang)方(fang)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商的(de)(de)“半市場化”方(fang)式存在(zai)，但是完(wan)全(quan)可(ke)以(yi)按照近(jin)三年均價(jia)列入優(you)先發電(dian)(dian)合同(tong)，保證G省的(de)(de)低谷(gu)現貨價(jia)格暫(zan)時不(bu)(bu)與低谷(gu)增送電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)中長(chang)期合同(tong)價(jia)格發生共振。

優(you)先發(fa)用電(dian)制度在(zai)G省和Y省案例中的(de)(de)“一(yi)(yi)放一(yi)(yi)收(shou)”，一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)可以實現水電(dian)盡量消(xiao)(xiao)納，提高水電(dian)潛在(zai)的(de)(de)增(zeng)送空間，另一(yi)(yi)方面(mian)(mian)也在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定程(cheng)度上(shang)滿(man)足了G省的(de)(de)訴求，實現了盡量消(xiao)(xiao)除兩省在(zai)外(wai)送電(dian)參與電(dian)力現貨市場(chang)問題上(shang)的(de)(de)尖銳對立。

三是(shi)靈活執行同一(yi)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)網內不(bu)同調度(du)關系機(ji)組的(de)(de)優先發電計(ji)劃。我(wo)國的(de)(de)輸(shu)電通(tong)道一(yi)般都(dou)建設了配(pei)(pei)(pei)套電源(yuan)，這些配(pei)(pei)(pei)套電源(yuan)除了少量“點對(dui)網”接(jie)線(xian)方式的(de)(de)機(ji)組外，大部分(fen)采用“網對(dui)網”方式接(jie)線(xian)。“網對(dui)網”配(pei)(pei)(pei)套電源(yuan)送電方式主要原因是(shi)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路的(de)(de)輸(shu)送容(rong)量越來越大，如果配(pei)(pei)(pei)套電源(yuan)不(bu)與所在(zai)地交流(liu)(liu)(liu)網連接(jie)，一(yi)旦配(pei)(pei)(pei)套電源(yuan)出現“非停”，會造(zao)成直流(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路被(bei)動(dong)停運(yun)，受電地區電網運(yun)行安全會受到很大的(de)(de)沖擊。配(pei)(pei)(pei)套電源(yuan)與所在(zai)地交流(liu)(liu)(liu)網連接(jie)后(hou)，可以(yi)借助(zhu)當地交流(liu)(liu)(liu)網使用當地機(ji)組的(de)(de)備用，對(dui)于(yu)保證直流(liu)(liu)(liu)線(xian)路的(de)(de)穩定運(yun)行大有(you)裨益。

但世無雙全事，享受了這(zhe)種好處，接入當地的配套(tao)電源受基爾霍(huo)夫(fu)定律的影(ying)響，“一(yi)舉一(yi)動”都會(hui)對當地網內(nei)其他(ta)機組產生影(ying)響，歷史上四(si)川國調機組與省調機組的“公平棄水”之爭就是這(zhe)個原因。

計劃體制下(xia)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)分三六九(jiu)等，市(shi)(shi)場環境下(xia)只認價(jia)格，解決辦(ban)法就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)同(tong)(tong)一交(jiao)流網內(nei)不同(tong)(tong)調度關(guan)系機(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)優(you)先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)計劃需要更加靈活的(de)(de)執行方式，例如S省試(shi)結(jie)算過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)問題，完全可(ke)以(yi)(yi)把網調優(you)先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)計劃發(fa)到S省的(de)(de)關(guan)口上，以(yi)(yi)該節點為優(you)先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)執行點，涉及(ji)的(de)(de)機(ji)組(zu)直接參(can)加S省市(shi)(shi)場，如果該機(ji)組(zu)因成本(ben)低在(zai)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場中(zhong)標，則不但可(ke)以(yi)(yi)發(fa)出(chu)優(you)先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)量(liang)，還以(yi)(yi)代替其他機(ji)組(zu)發(fa)電(dian)；如該機(ji)組(zu)成本(ben)相對較(jiao)高(gao)，那么其他機(ji)組(zu)通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨(huo)市(shi)(shi)場代發(fa)了(le)其優(you)先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)合(he)同(tong)(tong)，該機(ji)組(zu)獲得了(le)比自(zi)己發(fa)電(dian)更多(duo)的(de)(de)差價(jia)結(jie)算電(dian)費，無(wu)論對于S省，還是(shi)四川的(de)(de)棄(qi)水問題，都是(shi)一種“雙贏”的(de)(de)解決方案。

預則立(li)，2020年已經過半，電力(li)(li)現貨市場(chang)(chang)長周(zhou)期試結算(suan)正在快步(bu)向(xiang)我們走來，包括優先發用電制度在內的(de)配套制度需(xu)要(yao)以高度的(de)歷史責任(ren)感(gan)盡快修(xiu)改完善，保證電力(li)(li)現貨市場(chang)(chang)走穩走好，為(wei)電力(li)(li)市場(chang)(chang)化改革取得質的(de)突破作出貢(gong)獻。