1月29日,中國電(dian)力企業聯合會(hui)發(fa)布《2018~2019年(nian)度全(quan)國電(dian)力供(gong)需形(xing)勢(shi)分析(xi)預測報告(gao)》(以(yi)下簡稱報告(gao))。報告(gao)顯示,2018年(nian),全(quan)國全(quan)社會(hui)用電(dian)量6.84萬億(yi)千(qian)瓦時,同比(bi)增長(chang)8.5%。其中高(gao)技術及裝備制造業用電(dian)領漲。報告(gao)表(biao)明,我國2018年(nian)年(nian)度電(dian)力消費結構繼續優化,電(dian)力生產延(yan)續綠色低碳發(fa)展趨勢(shi),高(gao)質量發(fa)展成(cheng)效初步顯現。
消費結構不斷優化
報(bao)告顯示,2018年,第二產業用電量4.72萬億千(qian)瓦(wa)時、同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增長7.2%,增速(su)為2012年以來新(xin)高,同(tong)比(bi)(bi)提(ti)高1.7個(ge)(ge)百分(fen)點,拉動全(quan)社會(hui)用電量增長5.0個(ge)(ge)百分(fen)點。制(zhi)造業用電量同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增長7.2%,各季度增速(su)分(fen)別(bie)為6.5%、8.0%、7.0%和6.2%。從幾大類行業來看,高技術及裝備(bei)制(zhi)造業用電量同(tong)比(bi)(bi)增長9.5%,與同(tong)期(qi)技術進步、轉型升級的相關(guan)產業和產品較快增長態勢基本一(yi)致(zhi)。
在高(gao)技術及其裝備制造業領跑(pao)增長的同時,四(si)大(da)高(gao)載(zai)能行(xing)業用電量增長6.1%,其用電量占全社會用電量的比(bi)重(zhong)比(bi)上年降(jiang)低0.6個百分點。s
總體看來我國電(dian)力(li)消(xiao)費(fei)結構正在不(bu)斷優(you)化。報告顯示,第(di)二(er)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)量占全社會用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)量的比(bi)(bi)重為69.0%、比(bi)(bi)上年降(jiang)低0.8個(ge)(ge)百分(fen)點(dian)。其中,高(gao)技術及(ji)裝備制造業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)量比(bi)(bi)重提(ti)高(gao)0.1個(ge)(ge)百分(fen)點(dian)。第(di)三產(chan)(chan)業(ye)、城鄉居民生活(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)量比(bi)(bi)重分(fen)別提(ti)高(gao)0.6和0.2個(ge)(ge)百分(fen)點(dian),第(di)一(yi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)量比(bi)(bi)重為1.1%,與(yu)上年持平(ping)。
生產延續綠色低碳趨勢
在(zai)電力生產方面,非(fei)化石(shi)能源發(fa)電裝(zhuang)機量和發(fa)電量都保持著持續增(zeng)長(chang)的態勢。報告顯示,2018年全國新增(zeng)發(fa)電裝(zhuang)機容量1.2億(yi)千瓦、同比減少605萬千瓦。其中,新增(zeng)非(fei)化石(shi)能源發(fa)電裝(zhuang)機占新增(zeng)總裝(zhuang)機的73.0%。
雖然“5·31光(guang)伏新政”出臺后,光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)增(zeng)速放緩,全年(nian)新增(zeng)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)容量比(bi)上年(nian)下降16.2%,但隨著國家加快(kuai)推(tui)進和實施(shi)光(guang)伏扶貧政策,西部(bu)地(di)區新增(zeng)太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)比(bi)重同(tong)比(bi)提高7.8個百分點。東、中部(bu)地(di)區新增(zeng)風電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)占(zhan)比(bi)為64.2%、太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)占(zhan)比(bi)為72.2%。全國新增(zeng)煤電(dian)(dian)2903萬千瓦、同(tong)比(bi)少投產601萬千瓦,為2004年(nian)以來(lai)的(de)最低水平(ping)。
全國全口(kou)徑發電(dian)(dian)量6.99萬(wan)億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時,同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)8.4%。其中(zhong),非化石(shi)能源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)量2.16萬(wan)億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時、同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)11.1%,占總發電(dian)(dian)量的(de)比(bi)重為30.9%、比(bi)上年提高0.6個百(bai)分點。水電(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)量1.23萬(wan)億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時、同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)3.2%,火(huo)電(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)量4.92萬(wan)億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時、同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)長(chang)7.3%。全國并網太陽能發電(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)量分別為1775、3660、2944億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時,同(tong)比(bi)分別增(zeng)長(chang)50.8%、20.2%、18.6%。新能源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)已(yi)成為內蒙(meng)古(gu)、新疆、河北、山東、寧夏(xia)、山西、江(jiang)蘇、黑(hei)龍江(jiang)、安徽(hui)、吉林(lin)等14個省(sheng)區第二大(da)發電(dian)(dian)類型。
與此同時(shi),2018年(nian)新能源消納(na)也逐步推進,棄風(feng)棄光問題(ti)得到改善。報告(gao)顯示,2018年(nian),全國棄風(feng)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)277億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi),平(ping)均(jun)棄風(feng)率(lv)7%,同比下(xia)降5個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點;全國棄光電(dian)量(liang)(liang)54.9億(yi)(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi),平(ping)均(jun)棄光率(lv)3%,同比下(xia)降2.8個(ge)百(bai)分(fen)點。華北(bei)(bei)、西北(bei)(bei)、東北(bei)(bei)地(di)區風(feng)電(dian)設備利(li)用小時(shi)分(fen)別比上年(nian)提(ti)高102、215和236小時(shi),西北(bei)(bei)、東北(bei)(bei)地(di)區太(tai)陽能發電(dian)設備利(li)用小時(shi)分(fen)別提(ti)高66和65小時(shi)。
2019年(nian)全國電(dian)力(li)供需形勢(shi)如何?報告(gao)預測,2019年(nian)全社會用(yong)電(dian)量增速將平穩回落,在平水年(nian)、沒有大范圍極端氣溫影響的情況下,預計(ji)用(yong)電(dian)量增長(chang)5.5%左右。
報告(gao)認為(wei),2019年,新能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機將持續(xu)增加;第三(san)產業和居(ju)民生活用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)比(bi)重持續(xu)提高,拉大(da)系統(tong)峰谷(gu)差,時段(duan)性(xing)系統(tong)調(diao)峰能(neng)力(li)(li)不足;電(dian)(dian)(dian)煤(mei)(mei)價(jia)格高位運行(xing),發電(dian)(dian)(dian)用(yong)煤(mei)(mei)維持地區(qu)性(xing)季節性(xing)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)偏(pian)緊格局(ju)。在多重因素疊加、交互影響下,預(yu)計(ji)全年全國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)總體(ti)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng),局(ju)部(bu)地區(qu)高峰時段(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)偏(pian)緊。其中(zhong),華北、華中(zhong)區(qu)域(yu)局(ju)部(bu)性(xing)時段(duan)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)偏(pian)緊;華東區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)總體(ti)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng);南方區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)總體(ti)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng),枯水(shui)期廣西、貴州偏(pian)緊,汛期云南清(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)源消(xiao)納(na)壓力(li)(li)較(jiao)大(da);東北、西北區(qu)域(yu)預(yu)計(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應能(neng)力(li)(li)富余。