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在“雙碳”背景下，我國已于2021年開始，強調要構建以新能源為主體的新型電力系統，而儲能建設則成為了這一系統中的重中之重。在大力開展抽水蓄能、電化學儲能建設之際，行業內專家也提出了一些具有可操作性的可行性分析與建議。浙江大學教授、浙江中控集團董事長金建祥在接受中國經濟時報記者采訪時表示，光熱型熔鹽儲能電站可建設規模大，規模化儲能可到10吉瓦以上，可規模化發展承擔和促進可再生能源的消納任務。

光熱型熔鹽儲能電站更安全高效低成本

金建祥介紹，光熱(re)型熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站是一種以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)致熱(re)部件作(zuo)為(wei)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)輸(shu)入，以(yi)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)作(zuo)為(wei)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)介質(zhi)，以(yi)聚光集熱(re)系統作(zuo)為(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)補(bu)充，以(yi)汽輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)輸(shu)出的(de)安全、高效(xiao)和(he)低(di)成本的(de)新型儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。其工作(zuo)原理為(wei)，在用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低(di)谷時段或光伏、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等出現棄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)加熱(re)器加熱(re)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)，將多余的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)為(wei)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)并進行(xing)存儲(chu)(chu)；在用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰時段，利用高溫熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)通(tong)過(guo)蒸(zheng)汽發生(sheng)系統與水進行(xing)熱(re)交換(huan)(huan)，產生(sheng)高溫高壓的(de)過(guo)熱(re)蒸(zheng)汽并驅(qu)動汽輪發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組(zu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。同時，通(tong)過(guo)聚光集熱(re)系統，利用太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接輻射能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)加熱(re)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)，以(yi)彌補(bu)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)過(guo)程的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)損失(shi)，提高充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率，光熱(re)型熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)綜(zong)合充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率可達85%以(yi)上(shang)。

此外，光熱型熔鹽(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)電(dian)站(zhan)還可以通過極低的(de)(de)成(cheng)本配置(zhi)天然(ran)氣熔鹽(yan)加熱爐，在(zai)極端天氣（連續陰(yin)雨天）及冬季(ji)枯水季(ji)，根據電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)需求，使用少量的(de)(de)天然(ran)氣加熱熔鹽(yan)，繼續提供穩定的(de)(de)電(dian)力供應。

金建祥表(biao)示，與(yu)(yu)抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)相(xiang)比，光(guang)熱(re)型(xing)(xing)熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)效率(lv)(lv)更(geng)高，經濟性更(geng)好，建設期(qi)更(geng)短，對(dui)(dui)地理條件(jian)的(de)要求(qiu)更(geng)低(di)(di)，對(dui)(dui)周(zhou)邊(bian)生態環(huan)(huan)境沒(mei)有負(fu)面影響。與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)相(xiang)比，光(guang)熱(re)型(xing)(xing)熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)規(gui)模更(geng)大，成本(ben)更(geng)低(di)(di)，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)時間(jian)更(geng)長，使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)更(geng)長，不存在爆炸、燃(ran)燒風險，全生命(ming)周(zhou)期(qi)對(dui)(dui)環(huan)(huan)境無污(wu)染，無需加(jia)裝調相(xiang)機即可提(ti)供(gong)轉動慣量與(yu)(yu)無功功率(lv)(lv)，從(cong)而保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)頻率(lv)(lv)穩定與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓穩定。更(geng)為重(zhong)要的(de)是，通過以極(ji)低(di)(di)的(de)成本(ben)加(jia)裝天(tian)然(ran)氣(qi)熔(rong)鹽(yan)加(jia)熱(re)爐，光(guang)熱(re)型(xing)(xing)熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)可以提(ti)供(gong)抽(chou)水(shui)(shui)蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)均無法做到的(de)全天(tian)候電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應保障。

光熱型熔鹽儲能電站能大量促進新能源消納

金建(jian)(jian)祥表示，光(guang)熱型熔鹽儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站能(neng)(neng)大量促(cu)進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源建(jian)(jian)設消納。以一個(ge)800兆瓦(wa)充電(dian)功率，充電(dian)時間4.8小(xiao)時，總計3840兆瓦(wa)時儲能(neng)(neng)量的光(guang)熱型熔鹽儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站為例，該電(dian)站每年可以消納光(guang)伏電(dian)量7億千(qian)瓦(wa)時，按照青(qing)海(hai)省(sheng)目(mu)前12%棄光(guang)量計算，可以幫助青(qing)海(hai)省(sheng)解決3240兆瓦(wa)光(guang)伏棄光(guang)問題。

金建祥(xiang)表(biao)示(shi)，“新能(neng)源+光熱型(xing)熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲能(neng)電站”還能(neng)盤活特高壓外送，幫(bang)助多省份(fen)共享(xiang)新能(neng)源發(fa)展成(cheng)(cheng)果，共攤儲能(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。

以青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)省為例，將“光伏(fu)(fu)+光熱(re)型熔鹽儲能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站”打包，通過青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)豫直(zhi)流(liu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)外送(song)河(he)南(nan)，按照(zhao)河(he)南(nan)省峰段(duan)和(he)(he)平(ping)段(duan)平(ping)均電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價減(jian)去河(he)南(nan)當地輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)用(yong)，再(zai)減(jian)去特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)用(yong)和(he)(he)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的匯集(ji)費(fei)用(yong)，作(zuo)為青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)的上網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，即把用(yong)戶(hu)端的峰谷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政策傳導到發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)端。該方(fang)案將特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸送(song)可(ke)再(zai)生能源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的年利(li)用(yong)小時(shi)(shi)數(shu)大(da)(da)幅度提(ti)高(gao)到了4000小時(shi)(shi)，大(da)(da)幅度提(ti)高(gao)了直(zhi)流(liu)特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通道(dao)的利(li)用(yong)率(lv)，明顯地促(cu)進了青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)海(hai)(hai)大(da)(da)量光伏(fu)(fu)的消納。

金建祥(xiang)向記者介紹，青豫(yu)直流外送(song)并不(bu)(bu)是個例，許(xu)多(duo)中東部(bu)(bu)省份在用電高峰都(dou)存(cun)在電不(bu)(bu)夠(gou)用的情況，將西(xi)北(bei)的可再生能源通過當(dang)地(di)配置(zhi)光熱型熔鹽(yan)儲能電站，再打(da)包送(song)到中東部(bu)(bu)地(di)區是可以模塊化復制(zhi)的。

金建祥建議，應(ying)盡快開展(zhan)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱型(xing)(xing)熔鹽(yan)儲能電站(zhan)可行性(xing)研究，并建議參(can)照抽水蓄(xu)能政策，盡快對(dui)儲能功率大于800兆瓦的大型(xing)(xing)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱型(xing)(xing)熔鹽(yan)儲能電站(zhan)開展(zhan)試(shi)(shi)點，并建議開展(zhan)“新(xin)能源+光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱型(xing)(xing)熔鹽(yan)儲能電站(zhan)”打包通過特高(gao)壓(ya)外(wai)送的試(shi)(shi)點。