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增量(liang)配電(dian)改(gai)革(ge)從哪里突(tu)破(po)？筆者認為，應該首(shou)先突(tu)破(po)電(dian)源接入方面的“紅線”。

試點項目內(nei)不(bu)得以常規(gui)(gui)機(ji)組(zu)“拉專線”的方(fang)(fang)式(shi)向(xiang)用戶直接供電(dian)，不(bu)得依托(tuo)常規(gui)(gui)機(ji)組(zu)組(zu)建局域網、微電(dian)網，不(bu)得依托(tuo)自(zi)備(bei)電(dian)廠(chang)建設(she)增量配電(dian)網，禁止以任何(he)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)將(jiang)公用電(dian)廠(chang)轉為自(zi)備(bei)電(dian)廠(chang)。現階段不(bu)允許(xu)增量配網直接接入電(dian)源(yuan)。這些(xie)規(gui)(gui)定可能主要出于兩點顧慮：一(yi)是不(bu)能形成“發配售(shou)一(yi)體化”壟斷；二是不(bu)能逃避(bi)社會責(ze)任。對此，筆者有(you)如下理解。

對于“試(shi)點(dian)(dian)項目內不得以(yi)常(chang)規機組‘拉專線(xian)‘的(de)方式向用戶(hu)直接供電(dian)(dian)”。這(zhe)里“試(shi)點(dian)(dian)項目內”有(you)兩(liang)種(zhong)情況(kuang)：常(chang)規電(dian)(dian)源在(zai)試(shi)點(dian)(dian)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)(qu)域內的(de)情況(kuang)或是(shi)常(chang)規電(dian)(dian)源在(zai)試(shi)點(dian)(dian)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)區(qu)(qu)域外(wai)的(de)情況(kuang)。在(zai)這(zhe)兩(liang)種(zhong)情況(kuang)下，常(chang)規電(dian)(dian)源都可(ke)以(yi)通過“點(dian)(dian)對網”的(de)方式向增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網提供電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網運營主(zhu)體(ti)在(zai)將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)配(pei)(pei)送給用戶(hu)。這(zhe)不存在(zai)任何技(ji)術障礙。只要電(dian)(dian)源與增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網是(shi)兩(liang)個無股權關(guan)系的(de)獨立(li)法人(ren)單(dan)位，就可(ke)有(you)效(xiao)避免形成“發(fa)配(pei)(pei)售一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)”壟斷局面，也(ye)有(you)效(xiao)避免了公用電(dian)(dian)廠轉(zhuan)自備電(dian)(dian)廠的(de)情況(kuang)。

對于“不(bu)得依(yi)(yi)托(tuo)常規(gui)(gui)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)建局(ju)域網(wang)、微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，不(bu)得依(yi)(yi)托(tuo)自備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠建設(she)增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)”。這條規(gui)(gui)定不(bu)嚴格。“依(yi)(yi)托(tuo)常規(gui)(gui)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)、依(yi)(yi)托(tuo)自備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠”中的(de)“依(yi)(yi)托(tuo)”是(shi)何(he)含義、如(ru)何(he)評(ping)判？如(ru)果是(shi)按照常規(gui)(gui)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)或(huo)自備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試點總用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)規(gui)(gui)模的(de)占比大(da)小作為評(ping)價(jia)標(biao)準，完全可(ke)(ke)(ke)以提出這個評(ping)價(jia)標(biao)準的(de)具體數值，如(ru)常規(gui)(gui)機(ji)組(zu)(zu)（或(huo)自備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠）向增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)年供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)占比低于增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)年總供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)50%、60%等。增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)來源包括上級公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內部和(he)外部的(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。甚至也都可(ke)(ke)(ke)以規(gui)(gui)定這些類來源的(de)具體量(liang)(liang)化指(zhi)標(biao)。這會極大(da)提高政策的(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)操(cao)作性。相關政策應(ying)旗幟鮮明(ming)地強調鼓勵在(zai)局(ju)域網(wang)和(he)微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內大(da)力發(fa)(fa)(fa)展新能(neng)(neng)源和(he)可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

對于現階段不允(yun)許增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)網(wang)直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。后有關部門澄(cheng)清，是指不允(yun)許增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)直接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)常(chang)規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。如果(guo)在增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試點配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)區域內部就有常(chang)規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，且增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試點的用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)規(gui)模足夠用于消(xiao)納常(chang)規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，那何必非要上該(gai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)線先升壓接(jie)(jie)入(ru)上級大網(wang)再(zai)降壓送(song)到增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)？既浪費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，又(you)不合(he)常(chang)理。

不允許接入常規電(dian)源，很(hen)多增量(liang)配電(dian)網將很(hen)難(nan)建(jian)立起一(yi)種與地方經濟融合更緊密更協同的電(dian)能保障新(xin)模式。

首先，擁有可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)障(zhang)是(shi)(shi)增量配電(dian)(dian)網穩定可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)靈(ling)活運(yun)行的物理前(qian)提。在(zai)此方(fang)面(mian)，常規電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的作用是(shi)(shi)很難被分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)其他電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所替(ti)代(dai)的。一個沒有常規電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)是(shi)(shi)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)保(bao)障(zhang)的電(dian)(dian)網，其運(yun)行穩定性、可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性及靈(ling)活性都存在(zai)很大風險。如果增量配電(dian)(dian)網的電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)僅僅是(shi)(shi)上(shang)級大電(dian)(dian)網，就(jiu)會出現“將自己的命(ming)運(yun)交到(dao)別人手里”的局面(mian)，很難享受電(dian)(dian)網權利(li)，只是(shi)(shi)個“電(dian)(dian)網形(xing)態(tai)的大用戶”而已。

其(qi)次，擁有可靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)保障(zhang)也是(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)增(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區域內電(dian)(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)洼(wa)地的(de)(de)(de)關鍵之一。優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)組(zu)合，是(shi)(shi)(shi)每(mei)一個增(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)都要考慮的(de)(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)問題之一。在配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格核(he)定之后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)價(jia)格是(shi)(shi)(shi)決定到戶電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要因(yin)(yin)素。通(tong)過常規與分布式可再生能源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)優化組(zu)合，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)對(dui)不同(tong)負荷特(te)性和用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)價(jia)格套餐，可以更(geng)充分發(fa)揮(hui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)引導作用(yong)，提高實體經濟(ji)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)能保障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)協(xie)同(tong)水平，為增(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業開(kai)展(zhan)其(qi)他增(zeng)(zeng)值服務奠定基礎。因(yin)(yin)此，接入常規電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)性基礎。

第三，完(wan)全可以通(tong)過(guo)科學監管和規則(ze)完(wan)善，防范和消除由增量配電網(wang)(wang)接(jie)入(ru)常(chang)規電源(yuan)可能(neng)產生的(de)(de)問題，特別(bie)是逃避(bi)社會責任(ren)的(de)(de)可能(neng)性。既(ji)想(xiang)進(jin)入(ru)市場，分(fen)享改革紅利(li)(li)與市場紅利(li)(li)，無論是具有(you)(you)自備電廠的(de)(de)企業，還(huan)是想(xiang)接(jie)入(ru)增量配電網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)常(chang)規電源(yuan)，就(jiu)必(bi)須接(jie)受規則(ze)和法規政策的(de)(de)約束(shu)，是一定(ding)要做出“權力讓渡(du)”的(de)(de)，否則(ze)，它們也沒有(you)(you)資格獲得紅利(li)(li)。“進(jin)不(bu)去(qu)門，拿不(bu)到數據(ju)”的(de)(de)現象肯定(ding)有(you)(you)多重方(fang)法和措施能(neng)夠解決(jue)的(de)(de)，就(jiu)看政府想(xiang)不(bu)想(xiang)愿不(bu)愿這樣做了。

筆(bi)者認為(wei)，是(shi)否(fou)允許常(chang)規電(dian)(dian)(dian)源接(jie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網應該(gai)區分具體情況對(dui)待，不能“一刀切(qie)”。增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網至(zhi)少應滿足(zu)(zu)以(yi)下(xia)條件后(hou)，才(cai)可被允許接(jie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)常(chang)規電(dian)(dian)(dian)源：一是(shi)在能力(li)方面，增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網有(you)與接(jie)入(ru)(ru)(ru)常(chang)規電(dian)(dian)(dian)源相匹配(pei)的調度控制(zhi)能力(li)、技術(shu)能力(li)和管理(li)體系，編(bian)制(zhi)有(you)應對(dui)常(chang)規機組(zu)退出的預(yu)案；二(er)是(shi)在體量(liang)(liang)方面，增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的負(fu)荷與電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)需求足(zu)(zu)夠大，常(chang)規機組(zu)故障、退出后(hou)，增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的運行不會受到嚴(yan)重(zhong)影響(xiang)。

與其說允(yun)不允(yun)許(xu)增量(liang)配(pei)電網接常規(gui)電源(yuan)是(shi)維護市場公平，避免(mian)相(xiang)關逃避社會責(ze)任(ren)，還不如(ru)說這是(shi)一個(ge)完善監(jian)(jian)管(guan)理念、優化(hua)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)手段、提高監(jian)(jian)管(guan)效能的重要命題。

既(ji)然增(zeng)量(liang)配電(dian)改革(ge)是一(yi)項極富創新(xin)性、挑戰性和突破性的(de)(de)改革(ge)任務(wu)，相關政(zheng)策制定單(dan)位就應該多(duo)從科(ke)學監管(guan)與規則(ze)完善思(si)考和開展工作(zuo)，避(bi)免“一(yi)刀切”式的(de)(de)管(guan)理。既(ji)然增(zeng)量(liang)配電(dian)網(wang)(wang)是“電(dian)網(wang)(wang)”，就應該享(xiang)受電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)權(quan)利，履行電(dian)網(wang)(wang)責(ze)任。如果還(huan)(huan)將其按照(zhao)“電(dian)網(wang)(wang)形態(tai)的(de)(de)大(da)用戶”對待，劃很多(duo)條“紅線”，那還(huan)(huan)不(bu)如暫時(shi)延緩(huan)這項改革(ge)任務(wu)。筆者堅信(xin)，政(zheng)府(fu)不(bu)會讓(rang)市場失(shi)去(qu)信(xin)心(xin)，不(bu)會讓(rang)投資方失(shi)去(qu)信(xin)心(xin)，也不(bu)會讓(rang)廣大(da)用戶失(shi)去(qu)信(xin)心(xin)。