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“2018年，清潔能源消納取得顯著成效。到2020年，基本解決清潔能源消納問題。”國家發改委、國家能源局于近日聯合印發《清潔能源消納行動計劃（2018-2020年）》（以下簡稱《計劃》），為全面提升清潔能源消納能力確定明確目標。

《計劃》明確(que)，2018、2019、2020年，風(feng)電方面需確(que)保全(quan)國(guo)平(ping)均(jun)利用(yong)率(lv)分(fen)別高于(yu)88%、90%、達到(dao)國(guo)際(ji)先(xian)進水平(ping)，棄風(feng)率(lv)分(fen)別低于(yu)12%、10%和控制在合理(li)水平(ping)；光伏發電利用(yong)率(lv)高于(yu)95%，棄光率(lv)低于(yu)5%；全(quan)國(guo)水能(neng)利用(yong)率(lv)95%以上；全(quan)國(guo)大部分(fen)核電實現安全(quan)保障性消納。

全面完善政策體系，推動消納能力持續提升

為破解(jie)清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)“消(xiao)納(na)難”，《計(ji)劃》進一步加強(qiang)政府引(yin)導作用(yong)，優化(hua)電源(yuan)布局，加強(qiang)宏觀(guan)政策引(yin)導，完善電網(wang)基礎設(she)施建設(she)，提高消(xiao)納(na)考核及監管水平，護航各地區清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)消(xiao)納(na)能(neng)力持續提升(sheng)。

合理控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開發節奏。清潔能(neng)源(yuan)開發規(gui)模(mo)進一步向中東部消納條件(jian)(jian)較好地區(qu)傾斜(xie)，優先鼓勵分散式(shi)、分布式(shi)可再生能(neng)源(yuan)開發。將(jiang)落實清潔能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場(chang)消納條件(jian)(jian)作為安排(pai)各(ge)區(qu)域(yu)新增(zeng)清潔能(neng)源(yuan)項目(mu)規(gui)模(mo)的(de)前(qian)提(ti)(ti)條件(jian)(jian)，嚴禁違反規(gui)定(ding)建設(she)規(gui)劃外項目(mu)，存在(zai)棄風、棄光(guang)的(de)地區(qu)原則上(shang)不得突破“十三五”規(gui)劃規(gui)模(mo)。同(tong)時，嚴控新增(zeng)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)產能(neng)規(gui)模(mo)，有(you)力有(you)序(xu)有(you)效關停煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)落后(hou)產能(neng)，進一步提(ti)(ti)升煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)靈活調節能(neng)力和高效清潔發展水平。

建立(li)健全(quan)清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)。力(li)(li)爭(zheng)在(zai)年(nian)底前全(quan)面啟動可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)配(pei)額(e)制(zhi)(zhi)度，配(pei)額(e)指標的完成工作和義務由省級能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)主管部門、省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業、售電(dian)(dian)(dian)公司和電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用戶共同承(cheng)擔。加快(kuai)推進風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)平價(jia)上網(wang)(wang)進程，2020年(nian)新增陸上風電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組實現與(yu)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組平價(jia)上網(wang)(wang)，新增集(ji)中式光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)盡早實現上網(wang)(wang)側(ce)平價(jia)上網(wang)(wang)，鼓勵非水(shui)可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)積(ji)極參(can)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場交易。優(you)先消納(na)政府(fu)間協議水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)跨(kua)省跨(kua)區輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)和保(bao)障利用小時內(nei)的新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，逐步(bu)減少燃(ran)煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠計(ji)劃電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，鼓勵核電(dian)(dian)(dian)開展“優(you)價(jia)滿發(fa)”試點，系統(tong)內(nei)各類電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)主體(ti)共同承(cheng)擔清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)義務。

充(chong)分發(fa)揮電(dian)(dian)網(wang)資源(yuan)(yuan)配置平(ping)臺(tai)作用。提升電(dian)(dian)網(wang)匯集和外(wai)送清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，重(zhong)點解決可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)富集區域和省(sheng)份內部輸電(dian)(dian)斷面能(neng)(neng)(neng)力不足(zu)問題。充(chong)分發(fa)揮送受兩(liang)端煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的調頻和調峰能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，2020年(nian)底前，主要跨省(sheng)區輸電(dian)(dian)通(tong)道中可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)量比例力爭達到平(ping)均30%以(yi)上。持(chi)續開展配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)和農網(wang)的智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)化改造建(jian)設(she)，增(zeng)強電(dian)(dian)網(wang)分布(bu)式清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)納能(neng)(neng)(neng)力以(yi)及對清潔(jie)供(gong)暖(nuan)等新(xin)型終端用電(dian)(dian)的保(bao)障能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。研究(jiu)試點多種(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的聯(lian)合(he)優化運行，鼓勵新(xin)建(jian)核(he)電(dian)(dian)項目結(jie)合(he)本地(di)實際，配套建(jian)設(she)抽水(shui)蓄能(neng)(neng)(neng)等調峰電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。建(jian)立(li)適(shi)(shi)應新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)大(da)規模接(jie)入特點的電(dian)(dian)力平(ping)衡機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，增(zeng)強電(dian)(dian)網(wang)對新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)遠距離外(wai)送的安全適(shi)(shi)應性。

落實責(ze)任主體。對新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與煤電(dian)聯合外(wai)送(song)通道(dao)中非水可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)占總電(dian)量的運行比重目(mu)標進行名曲，并實施年度(du)考核(he)。電(dian)網(wang)企業和電(dian)力交易(yi)機構按(an)月(yue)向(xiang)國家(jia)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主管部門(men)提(ti)供發電(dian)計(ji)劃和跨省跨區(qu)通道(dao)的送(song)電(dian)曲線、各類電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)逐小時實際出(chu)力情(qing)況和清(qing)(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)交易(yi)情(qing)況備(bei)查，國家(jia)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主管部門(men)向(xiang)社會公布清(qing)(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)監測評(ping)估(gu)結果。對清(qing)(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)實施方案和消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)目(mu)標完(wan)成情(qing)況按(an)月(yue)監測、按(an)季度(du)評(ping)估(gu)、按(an)年度(du)考核(he)，對政策執(zhi)行不力和達不到消(xiao)(xiao)納(na)目(mu)標的地區(qu)依法(fa)予以追責(ze)。

從優化電源結構到落實消納措(cuo)施(shi)，從確定消納目標到明(ming)確獎(jiang)懲措(cuo)施(shi)，《計劃(hua)》對清潔能源消納政策體系進(jin)行(xing)了(le)全(quan)方位完(wan)善，為全(quan)面促進(jin)清潔能源消納水平奠定重要(yao)基礎。

強化市場推動能力，拓展能源配置范圍

在(zai)不斷完善清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發展政策(ce)體系的(de)同時(shi)，《計劃》以電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)交易(yi)為重要抓(zhua)手，著力(li)強化(hua)(hua)市場(chang)(chang)推動(dong)作用，加(jia)快電(dian)力(li)市場(chang)(chang)化(hua)(hua)改革，深挖(wa)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)側(ce)調峰潛(qian)力(li)，促進源(yuan)(yuan)網荷儲互動(dong)，以進一步(bu)深化(hua)(hua)風(feng)電(dian)、光伏、水電(dian)等清潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)更大范圍內的(de)優化(hua)(hua)配置(zhi)，

發(fa)揮市場(chang)調節功能(neng)。進(jin)(jin)(jin)一步擴大交(jiao)(jiao)易主體(ti)覆蓋范圍(wei)，進(jin)(jin)(jin)一步豐富(fu)中長期交(jiao)(jiao)易品種、促進(jin)(jin)(jin)發(fa)電權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易，鼓(gu)勵交(jiao)(jiao)易合約以(yi)金融差價(jia)、發(fa)電權(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)易等(deng)方式靈(ling)活執行(xing)。推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)跨(kua)省(sheng)區(qu)(qu)發(fa)電權(quan)置換(huan)交(jiao)(jiao)易，鼓(gu)勵送受兩端市場(chang)主體(ti)直接開(kai)展交(jiao)(jiao)易，鼓(gu)勵核(he)電參與(yu)(yu)跨(kua)省(sheng)區(qu)(qu)市場(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)易。鼓(gu)勵清潔能(neng)源發(fa)電參與(yu)(yu)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市場(chang)，持續推(tui)(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)全國(guo)電力(li)市場(chang)體(ti)系建設，并從(cong)2019年起推(tui)(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)電力(li)現(xian)貨(huo)(huo)市場(chang)建設試點逐步投入(ru)運行(xing)。全面推(tui)(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)輔助服務補償（市場(chang)）機制(zhi)建設，鼓(gu)勵自動(dong)(dong)發(fa)電控(kong)制(zhi)和調峰服務按效果補償，充分調動(dong)(dong)火(huo)電、儲(chu)能(neng)、用戶可(ke)中斷負(fu)荷等(deng)各(ge)類(lei)資源提供服務的積極性。

全(quan)(quan)面提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統調節能力。實施火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)靈活(huo)性(xing)(xing)改造，研究將各(ge)地火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)靈活(huo)性(xing)(xing)改造規(gui)(gui)模與新(xin)能源(yuan)規(gui)(gui)模總量掛鉤。2018年底前全(quan)(quan)面完成火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組單機最(zui)小技術(shu)出(chu)力率和最(zui)小開機方式的核定(ding)工作(zuo)，并嚴格(ge)按(an)照(zhao)核定(ding)結果調度(du)火(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組。進一步擴大(da)清潔(jie)(jie)能源(yuan)替(ti)代(dai)(dai)自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠負荷(he)市場(chang)交易(yi)規(gui)(gui)模，2018年，清潔(jie)(jie)能源(yuan)年替(ti)代(dai)(dai)自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量力爭超(chao)過(guo)100億(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi)；到2020年，替(ti)代(dai)(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量力爭超(chao)過(guo)500億(yi)千瓦(wa)時(shi)。可再生能源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)業(ye)利用大(da)數(shu)據(ju)、人工智能等先進技術(shu)提高風況、光照(zhao)、來水的預測(ce)精度(du)，增(zeng)加功率預測(ce)偏差獎懲(cheng)力度(du)。

積極推(tui)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力消費(fei)方式變(bian)革。推(tui)動可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力配額制向消費(fei)者延伸(shen)，鼓勵制定用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)套餐引(yin)導終端用(yong)戶優先選用(yong)清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力。建設可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)綜(zong)合(he)消納(na)示范區(qu)(qu)，開展以(yi)(yi)消納(na)清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為目的的清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力專線供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)試點，探(tan)索可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)富余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力轉化為熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、冷能(neng)(neng)(neng)、氫能(neng)(neng)(neng)，實現可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)多(duo)途(tu)徑就(jiu)近高效(xiao)利用(yong)。充(chong)分發揮儲電(dian)(dian)(dian)、儲熱、儲氣、儲冷等(deng)多(duo)類儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)的有機組(zu)合(he)，以(yi)(yi)及儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)的調峰、調頻和備用(yong)等(deng)多(duo)類效(xiao)益。加快提(ti)高清(qing)潔供(gong)暖比重，2019年、2021年實現北方地區(qu)(qu)清(qing)潔取暖率(lv)達到50%、70%。鼓勵大工業(ye)(ye)負(fu)荷(he)發揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)、鐵合(he)金、多(duo)晶硅等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價敏感型高載(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)負(fu)荷(he)的靈活用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)潛力，鼓勵并引(yin)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車有序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，將居民、商業(ye)(ye)和一般工業(ye)(ye)負(fu)荷(he)等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力需求(qiu)側資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)納(na)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)。