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青海地廣、水(shui)豐、光(guang)富、風好，具(ju)有得(de)天獨厚(hou)的清(qing)(qing)潔能源(yuan)資源(yuan)稟賦。近(jin)年來(lai)(lai)，青海清(qing)(qing)潔能源(yuan)發展(zhan)迅猛，風電(dian)、光(guang)伏發電(dian)大(da)規模集中(zhong)并(bing)網，其波動性給電(dian)網調度和電(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)量(liang)平衡帶(dai)來(lai)(lai)挑戰。國網青海省電(dian)力(li)(li)公司開展(zhan)清(qing)(qing)潔能源(yuan)多能互補探索與實踐，不斷增(zeng)強電(dian)力(li)(li)系統運行靈活(huo)性，增(zeng)強電(dian)力(li)(li)保供能力(li)(li)，提升新能源(yuan)電(dian)量(liang)消納水(shui)平，打造(zao)新型(xing)電(dian)力(li)(li)系統省級示(shi)范區。

同一類型清潔能源、不同類型清潔能源之間都可互補

光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)方(fang)面，青海(hai)(hai)年(nian)利(li)(li)用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時數約(yue)1600小(xiao)(xiao)時，3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)出(chu)(chu)力較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大，11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)次(ci)年(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)出(chu)(chu)力較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)，逐小(xiao)(xiao)時出(chu)(chu)力變(bian)率(lv)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大。海(hai)(hai)西州、海(hai)(hai)南(nan)州兩大光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)基地(di)出(chu)(chu)現光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)小(xiao)(xiao)發(fa)(fa)的天(tian)(tian)(tian)數分別(bie)是(shi)22天(tian)(tian)(tian)、44天(tian)(tian)(tian)。由于地(di)理位置不同(tong)，兩個(ge)基地(di)的太(tai)陽(yang)能資源存(cun)在(zai)(zai)互補(bu)性，全(quan)省(sheng)出(chu)(chu)現光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)小(xiao)(xiao)發(fa)(fa)的天(tian)(tian)(tian)數降(jiang)至(zhi)7天(tian)(tian)(tian)。光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)方(fang)面，青海(hai)(hai)年(nian)利(li)(li)用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時數約(yue)3600小(xiao)(xiao)時，1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、3月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)、9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多，6月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)和8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少。海(hai)(hai)西德令哈、格爾木和海(hai)(hai)南(nan)共(gong)和光(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)站(zhan)互補(bu)運行后，全(quan)年(nian)日等效(xiao)利(li)(li)用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)時數小(xiao)(xiao)于2小(xiao)(xiao)時的天(tian)(tian)(tian)數共(gong)57天(tian)(tian)(tian)，主要集中在(zai)(zai)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)。

青(qing)海(hai)(hai)風力(li)發(fa)(fa)電年利用小(xiao)時(shi)數(shu)約2100小(xiao)時(shi)，2月(yue)至(zhi)6月(yue)、12月(yue)出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)較大(da)(da)，1月(yue)、8月(yue)至(zhi)9月(yue)、11月(yue)出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)較小(xiao)。存在相(xiang)鄰兩日的(de)日發(fa)(fa)電量差異(yi)巨大(da)(da)、相(xiang)鄰兩日的(de)日發(fa)(fa)電量近似相(xiang)等而出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)曲線差異(yi)巨大(da)(da)等情(qing)況，逐小(xiao)時(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)變率較大(da)(da)。海(hai)(hai)西(xi)州(zhou)、海(hai)(hai)南州(zhou)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)風電小(xiao)發(fa)(fa)的(de)天(tian)數(shu)分(fen)別是(shi)1天(tian)、103天(tian)，通(tong)過資(zi)源互補，全省出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)風電小(xiao)發(fa)(fa)的(de)天(tian)數(shu)為(wei)10天(tian)。

青(qing)海大(da)型水(shui)電(dian)主要集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)黃河上游(you)，瑪爾擋、龍羊峽、拉(la)西瓦、李家峽、公伯(bo)峽、積石峽等水(shui)電(dian)站(zhan)呈梯級分布。豐水(shui)年(nian)(nian)，青(qing)海水(shui)電(dian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)大(da)出(chu)(chu)力(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，最(zui)小出(chu)(chu)力(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，出(chu)(chu)力(li)年(nian)(nian)內(nei)不均衡(heng)系數為(wei)(wei)0.4；平水(shui)年(nian)(nian)，月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)大(da)出(chu)(chu)力(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，最(zui)小出(chu)(chu)力(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，出(chu)(chu)力(li)年(nian)(nian)內(nei)不均衡(heng)系數為(wei)(wei)0.3；枯水(shui)年(nian)(nian)，月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)大(da)出(chu)(chu)力(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，最(zui)小出(chu)(chu)力(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)11月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)，出(chu)(chu)力(li)年(nian)(nian)內(nei)不均衡(heng)系數為(wei)(wei)0.17。

在青海，不僅同一類型清(qing)潔能源可以(yi)實(shi)現資(zi)源互(hu)補，不同清(qing)潔能源之間(jian)也具有自然互(hu)補特性。

光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電與風(feng)(feng)電互補(bu)。根據(ju)(ju)青(qing)海(hai)氣象及清(qing)潔能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電歷(li)史(shi)數據(ju)(ju)，出現光伏(fu)小(xiao)發(fa)(fa)時，風(feng)(feng)電基(ji)本為(wei)大發(fa)(fa)或中發(fa)(fa)；出現風(feng)(feng)電小(xiao)發(fa)(fa)時，光伏(fu)基(ji)本為(wei)大發(fa)(fa)或中發(fa)(fa)。這表(biao)明青(qing)海(hai)的(de)風(feng)(feng)能(neng)(neng)和太陽能(neng)(neng)資源在氣象上具有互補(bu)特性(xing)(xing)，風(feng)(feng)光互補(bu)能(neng)(neng)夠減小(xiao)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源波動性(xing)(xing)，提升日(ri)(ri)內(nei)保證出力(li)，同(tong)時降低日(ri)(ri)調峰需求，季(ji)節性(xing)(xing)出力(li)也變得更(geng)加平滑(hua)。

水電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)互補。平水年(nian)，青(qing)海境內黃河上游梯級水電(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)不(bu)均衡(heng)系數(shu)為0.34，年(nian)內月(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)波動較大；風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)不(bu)均衡(heng)系數(shu)分別(bie)為0.15、0.12、0.1，年(nian)內月(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)波動相對較小。四(si)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)源綜合后年(nian)不(bu)均衡(heng)系數(shu)下降至(zhi)0.14，可有效(xiao)緩解青(qing)海水電(dian)(dian)(dian)季(ji)節性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不(bu)均衡(heng)引(yin)起的月(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不(bu)均衡(heng)問題。

風光水互補運行可平抑不同時間尺度上的電量不均衡性

青海基于太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)天然互(hu)(hu)補(bu)(bu)性(xing)和(he)地域廣袤帶(dai)來的(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)平滑(hua)效應(ying)，優化集中開發(fa)(fa)布局、規(gui)模和(he)配比(bi)，可使清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源本身(shen)的(de)自(zi)然互(hu)(hu)補(bu)(bu)效益最大化，降低(di)出(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)在(zai)各(ge)時間尺度(du)(du)上(shang)的(de)不確(que)定(ding)性(xing)。進一步利用黃河上(shang)游梯級水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、光熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站、儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站等可調節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，在(zai)滿(man)足合理(li)的(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)經濟性(xing)前提下，通過優化調度(du)(du)、互(hu)(hu)補(bu)(bu)運(yun)行，可平抑光伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)年、月、日中長(chang)時間尺度(du)(du)上(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量不均衡性(xing)，以及小時級以內短時間尺度(du)(du)上(shang)的(de)出(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)波動性(xing)，提高多能(neng)(neng)(neng)互(hu)(hu)補(bu)(bu)大型清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源系統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率(lv)穩定(ding)性(xing)和(he)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率(lv)，滿(man)足省內安全可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)平穩外送需求。

年度優化(hua)調度方面，龍羊峽(xia)水(shui)庫(ku)具有多(duo)年調節能(neng)(neng)力(li)，瑪爾(er)擋水(shui)庫(ku)具有季調節能(neng)(neng)力(li)。在全(quan)年總(zong)水(shui)量(liang)不(bu)變的情況(kuang)下，有調節能(neng)(neng)力(li)的水(shui)庫(ku)可(ke)發揮“蓄豐補枯”作用，將豐水(shui)期水(shui)量(liang)蓄在水(shui)庫(ku)，在平、枯水(shui)期加大出庫(ku)流量(liang)，緩(huan)解(jie)青海電網電量(liang)不(bu)平衡(heng)壓力(li)。

日(ri)(ri)間(jian)優化調度方面，日(ri)(ri)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量不(bu)均衡問題(ti)主(zhu)要通過調節(jie)黃(huang)河上游梯級水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)、光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)出力(li)來解決。在新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)大發時，具有跨(kua)日(ri)(ri)調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)的(de)梯級水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)通過儲熱系統蓄(xu)熱，以應對未來可能(neng)出現的(de)不(bu)利天氣影響。在連續(xu)多天新能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)足(zu)時，具有跨(kua)日(ri)(ri)調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)的(de)梯級水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)放水(shui)(shui)(shui)，光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，以滿足(zu)系統電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量需求。

日內優化調度方(fang)面，日內多能互補主要通過把光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量以水(shui)庫蓄水(shui)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)等(deng)形式(shi)(shi)進行(xing)轉化和(he)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間上的重(zhong)新分配來實現，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源出(chu)(chu)力更好匹配省內負荷和(he)外送(song)需(xu)求。光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏大發時(shi)(shi)(shi)，通過水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)蓄水(shui)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)儲(chu)熱(re)(re)、儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)促進光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量最(zui)大化消納。光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏不出(chu)(chu)力時(shi)(shi)(shi)，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)加大出(chu)(chu)力，與風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)隨機(ji)出(chu)(chu)力共同滿足負荷需(xu)求，剩余不足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力通過調用儲(chu)能解決。

青海連續多年開展全清潔能源多能互補供電實踐

青(qing)海連(lian)續6年(nian)開展了全(quan)(quan)清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)實踐(jian)。每年(nian)的(de)活動時間(jian)不斷延長，范圍持續擴大，形式更加多元，既有同一類型清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)互補，也有不同清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)互補。活動期間(jian)的(de)清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)量累計達351億千瓦(wa)時，相當(dang)于減少燃煤消(xiao)耗1596萬噸，減排二(er)氧化碳2874萬噸。多能(neng)(neng)互補不僅在全(quan)(quan)清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)實踐(jian)中應用，還融入了國(guo)網青(qing)海電(dian)力日常保供電(dian)工作。相關(guan)經(jing)驗可概括為以(yi)下三點：

廣泛互(hu)聯的(de)大(da)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)是基礎。青海全清潔能(neng)源供電(dian)(dian)期間，通過(guo)實施(shi)大(da)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)統一(yi)調度，實現跨(kua)省跨(kua)區(qu)電(dian)(dian)力供需平衡和備(bei)用容量安排，保障(zhang)了電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)安全運行，促(cu)進了清潔電(dian)(dian)量消納。

充足的調峰能(neng)力是前提。政府(fu)、企(qi)業、用戶等各方廣泛參(can)與，最(zui)大限(xian)度(du)發(fa)揮省間互濟能(neng)力、常(chang)規電源(yuan)支撐能(neng)力、用戶側主(zhu)動(dong)調節潛(qian)力，確保全清潔(jie)能(neng)源(yuan)供電期間電力系統(tong)平(ping)穩運行。

先進的技(ji)術手段是關(guan)鍵。青海全清(qing)潔能源供(gong)電實(shi)踐驗證了智(zhi)能電網、網源協(xie)調運行(xing)、多能互補優(you)化等(deng)相(xiang)關(guan)技(ji)術的有(you)效性，緩解了新能源發(fa)電間歇性、波動(dong)性強等(deng)問題。

隨著新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)、虛擬電(dian)廠(chang)、新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽車等(deng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)主(zhu)體的加入，電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)的物(wu)理(li)特性與(yu)運行方式發生重大變化。目前，國網(wang)青海電(dian)力(li)(li)正(zheng)在開展兼(jian)顧多(duo)(duo)場景調節與(yu)支(zhi)撐能(neng)力(li)(li)的多(duo)(duo)元儲能(neng)分(fen)層分(fen)區規劃研究，積極探索(suo)支(zhi)撐新(xin)(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)高效利用與(yu)電(dian)力(li)(li)保供(gong)的構網(wang)型(xing)儲能(neng)關(guan)鍵技術(shu)研究與(yu)示范(fan)(fan)，以及多(duo)(duo)元儲能(neng)市場價(jia)格(ge)與(yu)運營機制，支(zhi)撐政府完善靈活性資源(yuan)價(jia)格(ge)政策，全力(li)(li)推進新(xin)(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統(tong)省級示范(fan)(fan)區建設(she)。