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摘要：光熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是集光熱(re)(re)(re)轉換發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、大規模儲熱(re)(re)(re)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)網同步機特性，于(yu)一(yi)(yi)身的(de)可再生能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式。我(wo)國光熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產業(ye)鏈在首批示范項目的(de)推動下，已初步建(jian)立，在滿足國內需(xu)求的(de)同時(shi)，光熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產品(pin)開始(shi)走向國際(ji)市場。但是當前國內光熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產業(ye)還(huan)面臨市場規模有限、技術裝(zhuang)備水平有待(dai)提升、成本高(gao)、缺乏有效政策(ce)接續等問題(ti)。光熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)亟需(xu)穩定的(de)政策(ce)，保障產業(ye)的(de)持續穩步發(fa)展(zhan)，以促使成本下降。建(jian)議從價格政策(ce)、科技創新資金支(zhi)持、多能(neng)互補(bu)一(yi)(yi)體化建(jian)設等方面，予以支(zhi)持。

一、光熱發電產業優勢

光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)是目前已(yi)實(shi)現商業(ye)化的(de)(de)兩種太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)技術之一，其利用(yong)聚(ju)光(guang)(guang)(guang)鏡(jing)等(deng)(deng)裝置以(yi)自動(dong)(dong)聚(ju)焦(jiao)(jiao)方式(shi)(shi)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)直射(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)聚(ju)集(ji)(ji)，用(yong)于加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)介質(zhi)并儲(chu)(chu)存熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)，再通過透平(ping)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組（如汽(qi)輪機(ji)(ji)(ji)或燃氣輪機(ji)(ji)(ji)）將(jiang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)轉換為(wei)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)根據(ju)集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)形式(shi)(shi)不同(tong)分為(wei)塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)、槽(cao)式(shi)(shi)、菲涅(nie)爾式(shi)(shi)、碟式(shi)(shi)四(si)類。塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)系(xi)統(tong)是利用(yong)平(ping)面反(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)反(fan)射(she)到中心高(gao)(gao)塔(ta)(ta)頂(ding)部(bu)的(de)(de)吸熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)上，即采用(yong)點(dian)聚(ju)焦(jiao)(jiao)方式(shi)(shi)；槽(cao)式(shi)(shi)系(xi)統(tong)和菲涅(nie)爾式(shi)(shi)系(xi)統(tong)都是線聚(ju)焦(jiao)(jiao)方式(shi)(shi)，聚(ju)光(guang)(guang)(guang)反(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)反(fan)射(she)到細(xi)長線型的(de)(de)管(guan)狀(zhuang)集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)；碟式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)是利用(yong)旋(xuan)轉拋(pao)物(wu)面聚(ju)光(guang)(guang)(guang)鏡(jing)將(jiang)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)聚(ju)集(ji)(ji)在集(ji)(ji)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)上。光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)通常和儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)結合，以(yi)塔(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)技術為(wei)例，聚(ju)光(guang)(guang)(guang)鏡(jing)聚(ju)集(ji)(ji)太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)輻射(she)進入(ru)塔(ta)(ta)頂(ding)的(de)(de)吸熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)，將(jiang)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)介質(zhi)從290℃加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)到565℃，存入(ru)塔(ta)(ta)下地面的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)溫介質(zhi)儲(chu)(chu)罐中，需要發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)時將(jiang)高(gao)(gao)溫儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)介質(zhi)泵入(ru)蒸汽(qi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)器(qi)中，與(yu)水換熱(re)(re)(re)(re)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)溫高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)過熱(re)(re)(re)(re)蒸汽(qi)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)類似(si)常規火(huo)力發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)，蒸汽(qi)驅動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)輪機(ji)(ji)(ji)再帶動(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)。從光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)原理(li)、實(shi)際運(yun)行、產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展潛力等(deng)(deng)來看(kan)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)具有如下優(you)勢：

首先，具(ju)(ju)備持續(xu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)。與光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)具(ju)(ju)有(you)顯著的(de)波動性和間歇性不(bu)同，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)配置低(di)成本(ben)的(de)儲能(neng)設施，不(bu)僅具(ju)(ju)有(you)良好的(de)可(ke)持續(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)輸出能(neng)力(li)，同時可(ke)提供(gong)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等波動性電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)所(suo)不(bu)具(ju)(ju)備的(de)轉動慣量和無功支撐。國際可(ke)再生能(neng)源(yuan)署（IRENA）的(de)數據顯示，西班牙有(you)18個光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)間斷運(yun)行(xing)達三周，其中(zhong)帶15小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時儲能(neng)、裝機容量2萬(wan)千瓦(wa)的(de)Gemasolar電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)實現連續(xu)36天(tian)(tian)全天(tian)(tian)候運(yun)行(xing)。我(wo)國裝機容量5萬(wan)千瓦(wa)的(de)中(zhong)廣核德(de)令(ling)(ling)哈光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)連續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)32天(tian)(tian)（773小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時），青海中(zhong)控(kong)德(de)令(ling)(ling)哈光(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)連續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)12天(tian)(tian)（293小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時），首航高科敦煌10萬(wan)千瓦(wa)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)連續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)9天(tian)(tian)（216小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時）。由于(yu)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)常規(gui)島(dao)部分與常規(gui)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)相同，因此如果有(you)長達數天(tian)(tian)甚至數十天(tian)(tian)的(de)無風(feng)、少光(guang)(guang)等極端天(tian)(tian)氣下(xia)，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統可(ke)以(yi)利用(yong)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)氣補燃方式來(lai)保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)給。

其次，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)(ke)儲可(ke)(ke)(ke)調(diao)，可(ke)(ke)(ke)與(yu)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏形成(cheng)(cheng)優(you)勢互補(bu)，有利(li)于“三北”大(da)型風光(guang)(guang)基地就地消納(na)和(he)外送消納(na)。光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)儲調(diao)能力(li)(li)強，且提(ti)高儲調(diao)能力(li)(li)的(de)(de)邊際成(cheng)(cheng)本低，機(ji)組調(diao)峰深度最大(da)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達80%，爬坡(po)和(he)啟停速(su)度優(you)于燃(ran)煤機(ji)組，可(ke)(ke)(ke)與(yu)燃(ran)氣發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)相當。當風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)時候(hou)，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)以儲熱(re)(re)為主，不(bu)發(fa)(fa)或(huo)者(zhe)少發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，待夜間或(huo)者(zhe)風小(xiao)的(de)(de)時候(hou)將儲存的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)量通(tong)過(guo)汽輪(lun)機(ji)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。清華大(da)學能源(yuan)(yuan)互聯網研究院研究顯示，在(zai)青海(hai)安裝(zhuang)2200萬千(qian)(qian)瓦光(guang)(guang)伏和(he)700萬千(qian)(qian)瓦風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，利(li)用(yong)已有調(diao)節資源(yuan)(yuan)，青海(hai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網在(zai)豐水期(qi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)連續三天全清潔能源(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；如在(zai)此(ci)基礎上(shang)配(pei)(pei)置400萬千(qian)(qian)瓦光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，青海(hai)省在(zai)豐水期(qi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)實現(xian)創世界紀錄的(de)(de)連續30天全清潔能源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此(ci)如果希望在(zai)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)滲(shen)透率較高時，繼續提(ti)升可(ke)(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)能源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量占比，可(ke)(ke)(ke)通(tong)過(guo)配(pei)(pei)備一定規(gui)模的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充分發(fa)(fa)揮多能互補(bu)下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)品質的(de)(de)效益，彌補(bu)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)伏不(bu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)控的(de)(de)不(bu)足。

第三(san)，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)以(yi)有效承接我國煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)裝備產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)。我國已經宣布不再(zai)新建境外(wai)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)項目，同時近中期將控制煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)裝機規模，長期煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)將逐步退出。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)作(zuo)為(wei)我國的(de)優勢(shi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)，在產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)規模、技術水平和從業(ye)(ye)人(ren)數上在全世界首屈(qu)一指，形成了完備的(de)制造體系。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)如何實現(xian)順利轉型是關系國計(ji)民生的(de)重要課題。除了產(chan)(chan)(chan)熱(re)方(fang)式不同外(wai)，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)和煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)原理(li)相(xiang)同，都需要配置常規島。根(gen)據相(xiang)關企(qi)業(ye)(ye)調(diao)研，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)可(ke)以(yi)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)源，包括常規島相(xiang)關設計(ji)、集(ji)成、設備制造和服(fu)務等。原有煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)廠、氣電(dian)(dian)廠也可(ke)以(yi)改造成與光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)互補電(dian)(dian)廠，直接降低化石燃料(liao)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)。部分(fen)(fen)關停的(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)(dian)機組可(ke)以(yi)改造為(wei)儲熱(re)電(dian)(dian)站，僅投入少量(liang)資(zi)金(jin)通過加裝一套儲熱(re)系統，原常規島均(jun)可(ke)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)。汽輪機廠則可(ke)以(yi)通過研制生產(chan)(chan)(chan)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)頻繁啟停和快速變負(fu)荷要求的(de)主(zhu)機設備，實現(xian)部分(fen)(fen)轉型。

第四，光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)有較(jiao)大(da)的(de)技術(shu)進(jin)步(bu)(bu)空(kong)間和(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)下降潛力(li)(li)。近年來，國際(ji)新投運的(de)光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)呈現逐步(bu)(bu)下降趨勢(shi)。根據IRENA的(de)數據顯(xian)示，光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)度(du)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)在2010年~2020年間下降了約一半，2020年已降至0.65元(yuan)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)~1.3元(yuan)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)（10美(mei)分(fen)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)~20美(mei)分(fen)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)）。雖然(ran)光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)與風電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)相(xiang)比成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)高，但其(qi)可(ke)儲熱(re)(re)、出(chu)力(li)(li)可(ke)調節、響(xiang)應(ying)速(su)度(du)堪比燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)，使其(qi)在國際(ji)上(shang)有一定(ding)的(de)應(ying)用市場。而且，通過(guo)技術(shu)進(jin)步(bu)(bu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)規模效應(ying)推動(dong)，光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)還有較(jiao)大(da)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)下降潛力(li)(li)。國際(ji)能源署(shu)預測(ce)，2030年光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)將(jiang)降至8.6美(mei)分(fen)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)，美(mei)國能源部(bu)目(mu)標(biao)是到(dao)2030年帶(dai)有12小時(shi)儲能的(de)光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)降到(dao)5美(mei)分(fen)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)。在國內，如果在保持一定(ding)市場和(he)(he)(he)(he)產(chan)業規模，光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)可(ke)以實現較(jiao)大(da)幅度(du)下降，其(qi)設(she)備(bei)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)和(he)(he)(he)(he)建設(she)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)下降是主(zhu)要(yao)因素，有望在“十四五”末(mo)期達(da)到(dao)與目(mu)前(qian)燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)相(xiang)當，即國內電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)降低到(dao)0.7元(yuan)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)~0.8元(yuan)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)，2030年下降至0.5元(yuan)/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)左右，屆時(shi)考慮(lv)其(qi)靈活儲熱(re)(re)、可(ke)調節出(chu)力(li)(li)、可(ke)提供轉動(dong)慣量(liang)等優勢(shi)，在電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)市場中將(jiang)具備(bei)經濟(ji)性和(he)(he)(he)(he)競(jing)爭力(li)(li)。

二、光熱發電產業發展現狀與特征

光熱(re)發電(dian)產(chan)業國(guo)外(wai)起步較早，在(zai)光熱(re)發電(dian)的材料、設計、工藝及(ji)理論(lun)方(fang)面已經(jing)(jing)開展50多年(nian)的研究，并已得到商業化(hua)應用，2020年(nian)全(quan)球累計裝機容量達669萬千瓦。我國(guo)光熱(re)發電(dian)雖然起步較晚，但(dan)是(shi)在(zai)國(guo)內示范項目(mu)的帶動下，已經(jing)(jing)初步建立了較完整的產(chan)業鏈(lian)，并實現部分產(chan)品出(chu)口國(guo)外(wai)。

其一，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目建設(she)處于試點(dian)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)階段。2016年，我國安排了首批光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目建設(she)共20個項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目，134.9萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦裝(zhuang)機(ji)，分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)北方五個省區(qu)，電(dian)(dian)價1.15元/千(qian)(qian)瓦時(shi)。同時(shi)，國家鼓勵(li)地方相(xiang)關部門(men)對光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)企(qi)業(ye)采取(qu)稅(shui)費減免、財(cai)政補(bu)貼(tie)、綠(lv)色信貸、土地優惠(hui)等(deng)措(cuo)施，多(duo)措(cuo)并舉促進光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)產業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展。2018年，國家能(neng)源(yuan)局布(bu)(bu)置的多(duo)能(neng)互補(bu)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目中，有光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目。截至2021年底，我國光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)容量約為59萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦，共12個項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目，主要分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)甘肅（21萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦）、青海（21萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦）、內蒙(meng)古（10萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦）和新疆（5萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦），另有2萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)(zai)其他省。從技(ji)術(shu)來(lai)看，我國首批光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)示(shi)(shi)范(fan)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目和多(duo)能(neng)互補(bu)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目中采用的技(ji)術(shu)以(yi)塔式技(ji)術(shu)較(jiao)為常見，占比超過一半。

其二(er)，光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)全產(chan)業鏈(lian)初步建立。通過首批光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)示范項(xiang)目(mu)建設，我國(guo)光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)制造(zao)產(chan)業鏈(lian)基本形成，光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站使(shi)用的(de)設備(bei)(bei)、材(cai)料(liao)得(de)到了很大發(fa)展，并(bing)具備(bei)(bei)了相當的(de)產(chan)能。在國(guo)家(jia)首批光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)示范項(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)，設備(bei)(bei)、材(cai)料(liao)國(guo)產(chan)化(hua)率(lv)超過90%，在部分項(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)，比(bi)如(ru)青(qing)海中(zhong)控德令哈5萬千瓦(wa)塔式光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)，設備(bei)(bei)和(he)材(cai)料(liao)國(guo)產(chan)化(hua)率(lv)已達到95%以(yi)上，并(bing)建立了數條光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)專(zhuan)用的(de)部件(jian)和(he)裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)生產(chan)線，具備(bei)(bei)了支(zhi)撐光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)大規模發(fa)展的(de)供(gong)應能力，年供(gong)貨量可滿足數百萬千瓦(wa)光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)裝(zhuang)機。當前，國(guo)內光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)業鏈(lian)主要相關企業已超過500家(jia)。

其三，光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)業(ye)開始走向世界。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)造業(ye)起步晚，但(dan)“十三五”以來技(ji)術(shu)和(he)產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展快(kuai)速(su)，相比國(guo)(guo)外有成(cheng)本優(you)勢，首(shou)批(pi)示范(fan)項目使我(wo)國(guo)(guo)光(guang)熱(re)技(ji)術(shu)和(he)產(chan)品具有了(le)(le)實際(ji)運(yun)行項目和(he)經驗，開始走出(chu)國(guo)(guo)門。如中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)能(neng)建和(he)中(zhong)控太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)公司聯合(he)體于2019年(nian)承(cheng)建了(le)(le)希臘5萬千(qian)瓦(wa)光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站項目，國(guo)(guo)家主席習近平與希臘總理米佐塔(ta)基斯共同見證(zheng)了(le)(le)該(gai)項目的(de)簽約儀式，這是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)業(ye)首(shou)次以“技(ji)術(shu)+裝備(bei)+工程+資(zi)金+運(yun)營”的(de)完整(zheng)全(quan)生命周期模(mo)式走出(chu)國(guo)(guo)門。上海電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣集(ji)團EPC總包了(le)(le)阿聯酋70萬千(qian)瓦(wa)光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站項目，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)建集(ji)團聯合(he)體EPC承(cheng)包了(le)(le)摩洛哥太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)園35萬千(qian)瓦(wa)光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項目。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)企業(ye)皇明太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)公司早(zao)在2011年(nian)就向西班牙(ya)出(chu)口了(le)(le)長達25千(qian)米、30萬千(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)核心部件鍍膜鋼管(guan)，2019年(nian)又向法國(guo)(guo)提供了(le)(le)16千(qian)米、0.9萬千(qian)瓦(wa)的(de)吸(xi)熱(re)管(guan)。

三、光熱發電產業發展瓶頸

首先(xian)，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本依然較高(gao)(gao)。通(tong)過(guo)企業(ye)調研，當(dang)前新建光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本約0.9元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦時~1.0元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦時，仍遠(yuan)高(gao)(gao)于陸上風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。初始投資高(gao)(gao)昂是光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本高(gao)(gao)的主(zhu)要(yao)原因(yin)。以當(dang)前主(zhu)流的10萬(wan)千(qian)瓦裝(zhuang)機、12小時儲熱(re)(re)(re)塔式光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站為例，單(dan)位(wei)千(qian)瓦造價在2.5萬(wan)~3萬(wan)元(yuan)(yuan)。聚光(guang)、吸熱(re)(re)(re)、儲換熱(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統占據初始投資的主(zhu)要(yao)部分，約占整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站成本的77％左右，是決定(ding)(ding)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站造價高(gao)(gao)低(di)最重要(yao)的因(yin)素。受制于國(guo)內光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目裝(zhuang)機規(gui)模小和(he)政(zheng)策不穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)造成的市(shi)場不穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)和(he)延續性問(wen)題，上游(you)設備制造企業(ye)通(tong)過(guo)首批(pi)國(guo)產化(hua)項(xiang)目形成的規(gui)模化(hua)產能(neng)在近兩年嚴重開工不足，設備閑置、技術人(ren)員和(he)熟練工人(ren)流失，也造成聚光(guang)鏡、集熱(re)(re)(re)管、追蹤器(qi)、熔鹽等關鍵設備和(he)材料(liao)的生(sheng)產成本居(ju)高(gao)(gao)不下。

其(qi)次，是光熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)部分設(she)備尚依賴(lai)進口。如(ru)熔鹽泵、熔鹽閥、熔鹽流量計、旋轉接頭(tou)等產品，在光熱(re)電(dian)站中需求(qiu)量有限(xian)，成本中占比低(di)，但其(qi)工況環境嚴苛，技(ji)術參數要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)高(gao)，國(guo)內(nei)產品質量相對國(guo)外不高(gao)，還(huan)以(yi)進口為主，國(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)商解決這些問題需要(yao)(yao)一定時間。此外，通過使(shi)用溫(wen)度更(geng)高(gao)、成本更(geng)低(di)的(de)吸熱(re)和儲熱(re)介質，采用超臨界二(er)氧化碳透平技(ji)術等實現更(geng)高(gao)效率(lv)的(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)技(ji)術方(fang)面，仍還(huan)有較長的(de)路要(yao)(yao)走。

第三(san)(san)，產業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)嚴重(zhong)依賴(lai)國(guo)(guo)家補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)。根據國(guo)(guo)家在2020年(nian)出臺(tai)的(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)，2021年(nian)底前(qian)并(bing)網的(de)(de)光(guang)熱(re)(re)示范項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)納入國(guo)(guo)家補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)范圍，能夠(gou)享(xiang)受(shou)1.15元/千瓦時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)價；而對于2020年(nian)及之后(hou)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)增項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)規(gui)定(ding)將(jiang)光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)電(dian)價補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)支持由(you)中央轉(zhuan)到地方。因此(ci)，“十四五”時(shi)(shi)期或是光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)產業(ye)十分(fen)艱難的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)期，“三(san)(san)北”地區省(sheng)份制定(ding)單(dan)獨的(de)(de)電(dian)價補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)可能性幾乎(hu)為零。由(you)于新(xin)(xin)建光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)成本仍遠高于燃(ran)煤(mei)基準(zhun)價，如果不采取有效(xiao)措施，“十四五”光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)市場規(gui)模將(jiang)大(da)大(da)萎(wei)縮，部分(fen)地方為儲備新(xin)(xin)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)所進行的(de)(de)大(da)量前(qian)期工作也將(jiang)浪費。需求(qiu)萎(wei)縮將(jiang)對我國(guo)(guo)光(guang)熱(re)(re)制造(zao)(zao)業(ye)造(zao)(zao)成巨大(da)沖擊，光(guang)熱(re)(re)制造(zao)(zao)業(ye)將(jiang)遭遇嚴冬甚至(zhi)可能夭折(zhe)。因此(ci)，國(guo)(guo)家補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)退(tui)出后(hou)，若(ruo)無政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)接(jie)續，光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)將(jiang)難以為繼。

四、支持光熱發電穩步發展的相關建議

第一，要給(gei)予光熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)穩定的價(jia)格政策。穩定的電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政策對可再(zai)生能源(yuan)發(fa)展至關(guan)重(zhong)要，建(jian)(jian)(jian)議借鑒(jian)2019年(nian)(nian)~2020年(nian)(nian)支持光伏(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)、2020年(nian)(nian)~2022年(nian)(nian)支持生物質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)的做(zuo)法，按照“以收定支”方(fang)式(shi)，在(zai)“十四五”期(qi)間每年(nian)(nian)安排一定數量的資(zi)金支持新增光熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目建(jian)(jian)(jian)設。推動已建(jian)(jian)(jian)成項(xiang)目納入補貼清單(dan)，同時對原投資(zi)方(fang)已明(ming)確退出的示范項(xiang)目，應允(yun)許地(di)方(fang)政府選擇合適的投資(zi)方(fang)繼(ji)續建(jian)(jian)(jian)設。

第(di)二，通過(guo)(guo)專(zhuan)項(xiang)資(zi)金(jin)，支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)新(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)研發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和新(xin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)示范(fan)工程。建議通過(guo)(guo)可再生能源發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)專(zhuan)項(xiang)資(zi)金(jin)安排相關資(zi)金(jin)，采用(yong)類似(si)于光(guang)伏(fu)“領跑(pao)者項(xiang)目(mu)”的方式(shi)，以招標方式(shi)鼓(gu)勵技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)先進(jin)、成本降低較快的技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)路線，支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)先進(jin)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)研發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和示范(fan)應用(yong)。同時，在國家發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)改(gai)革委、科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)部等科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)項(xiang)目(mu)中，安排資(zi)金(jin)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)關鍵(jian)性或原創(chuang)性技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的研究(jiu)。例如，超臨界二氧(yang)化碳熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、600℃高(gao)溫槽(cao)式(shi)和塔式(shi)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯合運行技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)儲能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、太陽能高(gao)溫集熱(re)(re)(re)和化學能耦合發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)、光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯產(chan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)等。

第三，鼓勵風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)光(guang)(guang)伏和(he)(he)(he)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)一體(ti)化(hua)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設(she)，實(shi)現(xian)產(chan)業的(de)(de)可持(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。考慮到(dao)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)成(cheng)本在(zai)(zai)(zai)“十四五(wu)”期間仍較高，地(di)(di)方財政(zheng)支持(chi)(chi)難度較大(da)，基于在(zai)(zai)(zai)資源較好地(di)(di)區風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)可以實(shi)現(xian)低(di)價(jia)的(de)(de)前提下(xia)，建(jian)(jian)議沙漠(mo)、戈(ge)壁(bi)、荒漠(mo)大(da)型風(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)(guang)基地(di)(di)中(zhong)持(chi)(chi)續(xu)(xu)安排一定容量的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)裝機，通過低(di)價(jia)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目平衡消化(hua)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本，實(shi)現(xian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)電(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏、光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)（及(ji)水電(dian)）等多種可再生能(neng)源互補的(de)(de)平價(jia)上(shang)網就地(di)(di)消納或(huo)平價(jia)遠距離外(wai)送消納。“十五(wu)五(wu)”期間，通過電(dian)力市(shi)場建(jian)(jian)設(she)，直接(jie)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)其快速響應和(he)(he)(he)清潔能(neng)源優勢，確立(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)市(shi)場中(zhong)的(de)(de)定位。建(jian)(jian)議在(zai)(zai)(zai)各類(lei)示范區、特高壓外(wai)送和(he)(he)(he)多能(neng)互補基地(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)設(she)中(zhong)安排光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目，將配(pei)置一定規(gui)模的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)的(de)(de)項(xiang)目作為(wei)項(xiang)目優選條件，充分(fen)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)站(zhan)儲熱(re)(re)(re)可控輸(shu)出作用，進而(er)保持(chi)(chi)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)產(chan)業足夠的(de)(de)市(shi)場規(gui)模，為(wei)產(chan)業后續(xu)(xu)實(shi)現(xian)市(shi)場化(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)提供(gong)基本條件。

作者簡介：常非凡，女，博士研究生，畢業于英國劍橋大學工程系。現任國家發展和改革委員會國際合作中心副研究員，從事宏觀經濟與可持續發展，新能源技術與智慧城市，公共服務與治理能力，“一帶一路”國際經貿與安全風險等研究。

注：本篇文章發表于《中國能源》雜志2022年第5期。