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碳達峰、碳中和目標是我國積極應對全球氣候變化、努力推動構建人類命運共同體的重大戰略決策。作為全國的政治中心、文化中心、國際交往中心、科技創新中心，北京已于2012年率先實現碳達峰，無論是基礎條件具備還是政治擔當使然，理應在實現碳中和方面率先垂范。作為信息技術和能源技術深度融合的綜合能源平臺，城市多能互補能源互聯網具有清潔能源、信息共享、能源服務、綠色交通等多維價值，是幫助城市實現“雙碳”目標的重要手段。建設國際一流的和諧宜居之都，率先實現碳中和，北京建設世界一流城市多能互補能源互聯網勢在必行。

北京經濟社會發展與碳排放增長已“脫鉤”

基本建成清潔低碳(tan)能(neng)(neng)源體(ti)系(xi)。近年來(lai)，通過能(neng)(neng)源轉型(xing)變革，北京經濟社會發展(zhan)與(yu)碳(tan)排放增長實現“脫鉤”，能(neng)(neng)源領域實現跨越發展(zhan)，呈現清潔低碳(tan)特征。據統計，2019年，北京天然氣、非化石(shi)能(neng)(neng)源等清潔能(neng)(neng)源消費占總(zong)能(neng)(neng)源消費的比重超(chao)過60%。

同時(shi)，北(bei)京(jing)在(zai)“十二五(wu)”期(qi)間實(shi)現碳(tan)排放峰值(zhi)(未計入外調電力(li)碳(tan)排放)，“十三五(wu)”期(qi)間平原地區基(ji)(ji)本實(shi)現無煤化(hua)。可以(yi)說，北(bei)京(jing)基(ji)(ji)本建成了清潔低碳(tan)的(de)現代能(neng)源(yuan)體系，能(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)展進入轉型速(su)度(du)(du)放緩(huan)的(de)新階段。要率(lv)先在(zai)全國(guo)實(shi)現碳(tan)中和，北(bei)京(jing)需以(yi)電力(li)為(wei)中心，以(yi)深化(hua)電氣化(hua)為(wei)抓手，加快各領域能(neng)源(yuan)結構(gou)深度(du)(du)轉型優化(hua)的(de)步伐(fa)。

需補(bu)齊本地(di)(di)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開發(fa)短板(ban)。能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構優化是(shi)推進碳中和目標的核(he)心要(yao)點，而(er)發(fa)展可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構升級優化的關(guan)鍵舉措。目前，北(bei)京能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)結構中可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)占比(bi)偏低，而(er)本地(di)(di)蘊藏(zang)著(zhu)豐(feng)富的可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，如太陽能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)、風能(neng)(neng)、地(di)(di)熱等，可(ke)通過(guo)加裝屋頂(ding)光(guang)伏、建(jian)立(li)垃圾發(fa)電廠、推進地(di)(di)熱資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利(li)用(yong)、建(jian)設小型風電場等方式進行開發(fa)。據相關(guan)部門估(gu)計，北(bei)京新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開發(fa)潛力(li)達(da)5000萬噸標準煤。北(bei)京要(yao)率先在全(quan)國實現(xian)碳中和，本地(di)(di)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開發(fa)這(zhe)一短板(ban)必須補(bu)齊。

能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力供應依賴外(wai)調(diao)。首(shou)都能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)安全關(guan)乎國家經濟(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)、政(zheng)治穩(wen)定，是(shi)北京(jing)推進(jin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)革命、能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)高質量發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)首(shou)要(yao)前提(ti)。北京(jing)是(shi)典型的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)輸入型城市，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供應嚴重依賴外(wai)調(diao)，這使得城市能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)較難(nan)迅速調(diao)整能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供需關(guan)系。如北京(jing)電(dian)力以(yi)外(wai)調(diao)電(dian)為主，隨著(zhu)外(wai)調(diao)電(dian)力中綠色電(dian)力比例增加，城市能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供應保障(zhang)(zhang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力也需進(jin)一步(bu)提(ti)高。因此，提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供應保障(zhang)(zhang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力、電(dian)力系統(tong)穩(wen)定性是(shi)北京(jing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)可持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)需要(yao)優先解決(jue)的(de)問題。

建設城市能源互聯網有利于提升首都能源系統保障能力

城市(shi)(shi)(shi)多能(neng)(neng)(neng)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)補能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)網是以(yi)(yi)電為中心(xin)，通過信(xin)息(xi)技術(shu)與能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)技術(shu)深度(du)融合，實現城市(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)類能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)通、配置(zhi)優(you)化的綜合能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)平臺。通過能(neng)(neng)(neng)量流與信(xin)息(xi)流交互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，城市(shi)(shi)(shi)多能(neng)(neng)(neng)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)補能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)網可(ke)以(yi)(yi)充(chong)分利用電、熱(re)、冷、氣等不(bu)同能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)補特性，形成一(yi)(yi)體化、可(ke)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)協(xie)同調度(du)的城市(shi)(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)，充(chong)分發(fa)揮不(bu)同能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的優(you)勢和價值(zhi)，實現多種能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供需耦合，提高能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)利用效率，提升能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)系統(tong)保(bao)障能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。因此，對北(bei)京而言，建設世界(jie)一(yi)(yi)流城市(shi)(shi)(shi)多能(neng)(neng)(neng)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)補能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)聯(lian)網具有多重意義：

進一步提(ti)高首都能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供應(ying)保障(zhang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。城市(shi)多(duo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)互補能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯網(wang)(wang)可實現多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)信息(xi)互通共(gong)享，城市(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)(xi)統可通過信息(xi)反饋及時調(diao)整能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供需(xu)關(guan)系(xi)(xi)，保障(zhang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供應(ying)的(de)安全(quan)性(xing)。建設世(shi)界一流城市(shi)多(duo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)互補能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯網(wang)(wang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)大幅(fu)加快多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)信息(xi)互聯，充分實現電、熱(re)、冷、氣等多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)協同利用，提(ti)高能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)靈(ling)活性(xing)，幫助北京解決能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)依賴外調(diao)帶來的(de)不(bu)穩定性(xing)問題，實現多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)穩定安全(quan)供給，進一步提(ti)高首都能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供應(ying)保障(zhang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力。

深度促(cu)進(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)能(neng)源供(gong)給清潔化。城市多(duo)(duo)能(neng)互補(bu)能(neng)源互聯網(wang)(wang)可(ke)以實(shi)現多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)能(neng)源耦合互補(bu)，提高城市能(neng)源系(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)再生能(neng)源比例。北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)處(chu)于(yu)能(neng)源發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)新階段，需進(jin)(jin)一步發(fa)展本地可(ke)再生能(neng)源，建設(she)世(shi)界一流城市多(duo)(duo)能(neng)互補(bu)能(neng)源互聯網(wang)(wang)將打(da)破(po)源、網(wang)(wang)、荷、儲(chu)各個(ge)環節間的(de)(de)(de)壁壘，充(chong)分發(fa)揮電網(wang)(wang)靈活調度、儲(chu)能(neng)運行等各個(ge)環節的(de)(de)(de)特點，平抑風電、光(guang)伏等多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)可(ke)再生能(neng)源的(de)(de)(de)間歇性(xing)和不穩定性(xing)，推進(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)能(neng)源供(gong)給側結構進(jin)(jin)一步變革(ge)，深度促(cu)進(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)能(neng)源供(gong)給清潔化。

加快推進北(bei)京能(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化。城市多(duo)能(neng)(neng)互補(bu)能(neng)(neng)源互聯網(wang)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)中心，將多(duo)種能(neng)(neng)源轉(zhuan)化為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)傳輸至終端用(yong)戶(hu)。建(jian)設世界一流多(duo)能(neng)(neng)互補(bu)能(neng)(neng)源互聯網(wang)將加大電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)替代(dai)力度(du)，通(tong)(tong)過智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)建(jian)筑、綠色交通(tong)(tong)等資(zi)源挖掘(jue)用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)清(qing)潔(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)需求，進一步推進北(bei)京能(neng)(neng)源消(xiao)(xiao)費(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣化。

助力(li)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)津(jin)(jin)(jin)冀(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)一體化。京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)津(jin)(jin)(jin)冀(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)地區有著豐富的可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，但時空差異、可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)穩(wen)定性(xing)等因素阻礙(ai)了(le)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)津(jin)(jin)(jin)冀(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)地區可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發展，調(diao)峰困難、棄風(feng)棄光(guang)等問(wen)題亟待解決。建設世界一流城(cheng)市多能(neng)互補能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互聯網，充分發揮北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)網作(zuo)為(wei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)津(jin)(jin)(jin)冀(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)網負荷(he)中心的功能(neng)，將(jiang)幫(bang)助北(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)消納(na)河北(bei)豐富的可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)，推進(jin)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)津(jin)(jin)(jin)冀(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)網可(ke)(ke)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)一體化，促進(jin)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)津(jin)(jin)(jin)冀(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)地區能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)經濟(ji)協同發展。

北京城市能源互聯網建設涵蓋供給、傳輸、消費、存儲等多要素

城市(shi)多(duo)能(neng)(neng)互(hu)補(bu)能(neng)(neng)源互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)是(shi)全(quan)鏈(lian)條(tiao)協同(tong)的新(xin)型能(neng)(neng)源產業發(fa)展形(xing)態。北京(jing)作(zuo)為世(shi)界(jie)級城市(shi)，建(jian)設(she)世(shi)界(jie)一流(liu)城市(shi)多(duo)能(neng)(neng)互(hu)補(bu)能(neng)(neng)源互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)要求涵蓋更(geng)多(duo)要素，考慮更(geng)多(duo)復雜因素。這就要求源、網(wang)、荷、儲全(quan)環節協同(tong)發(fa)展，實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)源流(liu)、信(xin)息流(liu)和價值流(liu)深度(du)融合(he)；電、熱、冷、氣多(duo)能(neng)(neng)互(hu)補(bu)，以電為中心和基礎用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)平臺實現(xian)各類用(yong)(yong)能(neng)(neng)系統深度(du)耦合(he)。因此(ci)，北京(jing)建(jian)設(she)世(shi)界(jie)一流(liu)城市(shi)多(duo)能(neng)(neng)互(hu)補(bu)能(neng)(neng)源互(hu)聯(lian)網(wang)可從以下(xia)方面(mian)發(fa)力：

在(zai)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)供(gong)給側，北京應依(yi)托先進智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)的(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)生產技術和發電(dian)技術，積極推動可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)設施建設，同(tong)時依(yi)托智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)通信控制技術，建立不同(tong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系統(tong)之(zhi)間的(de)網絡連接與深(shen)度耦合，推進異質能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)梯(ti)級利用和交互響應，實現多(duo)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系統(tong)協(xie)同(tong)管理，形成電(dian)、熱、冷、氣等多(duo)種能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)協(xie)同(tong)互濟的(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)供(gong)應體(ti)系。

在能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)傳(chuan)輸側，北京應依托(tuo)直流電網(wang)(wang)、智能(neng)(neng)調控等先進技術，加(jia)強(qiang)城(cheng)市智能(neng)(neng)配電網(wang)(wang)、燃(ran)氣管(guan)網(wang)(wang)、冷熱管(guan)網(wang)(wang)等基礎設(she)施(shi)建設(she)，加(jia)快綜合能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)管(guan)廊(lang)建設(she)和(he)管(guan)網(wang)(wang)系統智能(neng)(neng)化改造，構建廣泛互聯的能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)傳(chuan)輸系統，推動城(cheng)市能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)傳(chuan)輸網(wang)(wang)絡發(fa)展(zhan)，實現多網(wang)(wang)融(rong)合，最大程度適應清潔能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)需要。

在能源消費側(ce)，北(bei)京應(ying)(ying)持續推動冷熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯產、熱泵等基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)建設(she)，推進(jin)現(xian)(xian)有用(yong)能終端設(she)施(shi)改造升級，發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)智(zhi)能用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備，實現(xian)(xian)能源消費智(zhi)能化和電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化。同時，加強(qiang)需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)響應(ying)(ying)頂層設(she)計(ji)，明確需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)響應(ying)(ying)的發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)要求(qiu)和實施(shi)路(lu)徑(jing)，加快用(yong)戶側(ce)信(xin)息(xi)交互設(she)備建設(she)，挖(wa)掘需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)響應(ying)(ying)潛力，提高能源系統的靈活性。充(chong)分發(fa)(fa)揮北(bei)京冬(dong)夏溫控負荷(he)高、數據(ju)中心負荷(he)高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)基(ji)(ji)礎好(hao)等特(te)點，以配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網為入口，以虛擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、用(yong)戶智(zhi)能調控等手段為抓手，深度(du)挖(wa)掘終端電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)化潛力，并以高彈性需(xu)求(qiu)側(ce)促(cu)進(jin)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)側(ce)高比例可再(zai)生能源發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。

在能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)存(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)側，北京(jing)應加快(kuai)推(tui)進儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)安全標準體(ti)系建(jian)設，加快(kuai)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)規模化發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)頂層設計(ji)，明(ming)確儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)發(fa)展(zhan)規模和布(bu)(bu)(bu)局，其中(zhong)推(tui)進分布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)序管理、科學調度是關鍵。新能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽車作為一種(zhong)分布(bu)(bu)(bu)式(shi)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)置，是優質的(de)靈(ling)活性(xing)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)，通過應用(yong)有(you)序充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)等科學管理模式(shi)，提高電(dian)(dian)力系統穩定(ding)性(xing)，實現源(yuan)(yuan)、網(wang)、荷(he)協同發(fa)展(zhan)。同時，氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是長時大容量儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)重要(yao)載(zai)體(ti)，也是城市公交車、重型卡車去(qu)油化的(de)重要(yao)選擇(ze)，北京(jing)應發(fa)揮人才優勢和研發(fa)平臺優勢，在氫(qing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)終(zhong)(zhong)端利用(yong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)研發(fa)與示范、綠氫(qing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)運加注基礎設施布(bu)(bu)(bu)局與規劃方面早(zao)謀劃，力爭成為綠氫(qing)終(zhong)(zhong)端利用(yong)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)創新中(zhong)心和先行者(zhe)。

注：本文作者供職于華北電力大學。