国产精品视频一区二区三区无码,国产午夜精品无码,午夜天堂一区人妻,无遮挡色视频免费观看,中文字幕久热精品视频在线

當前，我國可再生能源產業正由裝機規模高速增長向高比例消納時代邁進，風電、光電也從過去的“微不足道”變為“舉足輕重”。業內專家學者紛紛表示，大規模、高比例新能源并網必將對電力系統特性帶來顯著影響，而通過構建廣泛互聯的新一代電力系統、升級新能源涉網技術來支撐電網電壓、頻率穩定成為趨勢。

裝機快速增長 給電力系統帶來挑戰

據統計(ji)，截至(zhi)2019年(nian)(nian)底，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)可再生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)達(da)7.94億(yi)千(qian)瓦，同比增(zeng)長9%，占全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)的39.5%，其中(zhong)，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太陽能(neng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、生物質發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)規模(mo)均為(wei)世界第(di)(di)一(yi)。“目(mu)前(qian)，新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)已(yi)成(cheng)為(wei)主力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)之一(yi)。截至(zhi)2019年(nian)(nian)6月(yue)底，國(guo)(guo)網(wang)(wang)(wang)經營區(qu)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)累計(ji)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)3.2億(yi)千(qian)瓦，是2008年(nian)(nian)的38倍，占全網(wang)(wang)(wang)總(zong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)21%，成(cheng)為(wei)全網(wang)(wang)(wang)第(di)(di)二大電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。”國(guo)(guo)網(wang)(wang)(wang)國(guo)(guo)調中(zhong)心原副總(zong)工程師裴哲義在9月(yue)22日(ri)人力(li)(li)資源(yuan)(yuan)和社會保障部主辦、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)水(shui)力(li)(li)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)工程學(xue)會承辦的“風光(guang)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)扶貧及生態修(xiu)復高(gao)級研修(xiu)班(ban)（第(di)(di)二期）”上預測，2035年(nian)(nian)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)將(jiang)達(da)13.8億(yi)千(qian)瓦。根據目(mu)前(qian)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)實際運行特性，預計(ji)日(ri)最(zui)大功率(lv)波動(dong)可達(da)6億(yi)千(qian)瓦，是目(mu)前(qian)華東電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)最(zui)大負荷的2倍，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實時平衡能(neng)力(li)(li)帶來(lai)巨大挑戰。

中(zhong)國電(dian)科院新能(neng)(neng)源研(yan)究(jiu)中(zhong)心(xin)總(zong)工(gong)程師遲永(yong)寧(ning)也曾公開表(biao)示，大規模(mo)新能(neng)(neng)源并(bing)網給電(dian)網運行與(yu)控制帶來一系(xi)列新的系(xi)統問題與(yu)挑戰，如(ru)系(xi)統慣量、頻率調節能(neng)(neng)力(li)降低，系(xi)統電(dian)壓調控能(neng)(neng)力(li)減弱(ruo)，故障與(yu)震(zhen)蕩特(te)性發生重大變(bian)化。

在裴哲義看來(lai)，高(gao)滲透率(lv)新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)還(huan)改變了電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)基(ji)礎特性，新(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)快速發展帶(dai)來(lai)電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)高(gao)度電(dian)(dian)子化，對以交流技術(shu)為(wei)基(ji)礎的電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)分(fen)析理論提出了挑(tiao)戰。

電力基礎設施 對清潔轉型支撐不足

據了(le)解，新能(neng)源發(fa)電在(zai)時(shi)間維(wei)度上(shang)(shang)具有季節性、時(shi)段(duan)性的波(bo)動和隨(sui)機(ji)特點，在(zai)地(di)域上(shang)(shang)又受限于資(zi)源分(fen)(fen)布不均衡，需要(yao)多資(zi)源互(hu)補、跨地(di)域互(hu)補，目前我(wo)國能(neng)源電力基礎設施建設還(huan)難以實現多能(neng)互(hu)補、時(shi)空(kong)互(hu)濟、協調(diao)運行(xing)要(yao)求。而且，我(wo)國可再(zai)生(sheng)資(zi)源與負荷(he)逆(ni)向分(fen)(fen)布，其中(zhong)，風能(neng)、太陽能(neng)資(zi)源集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)“三北(bei)(bei)”地(di)區(qu)，水能(neng)資(zi)源集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)西(xi)南(nan)地(di)區(qu)，用電負荷(he)集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)華(hua)北(bei)(bei)、華(hua)東、華(hua)中(zhong)、華(hua)南(nan)地(di)區(qu)，占全(quan)國用電量80%以上(shang)(shang)。這(zhe)決定(ding)了(le)西(xi)部(bu)北(bei)(bei)部(bu)大量清潔能(neng)源需要(yao)輸送到東中(zhong)部(bu)消納，對電網輸送能(neng)力提出(chu)了(le)更高(gao)要(yao)求。

“目(mu)前電(dian)力(li)基(ji)礎設施對清潔轉型(xing)的支(zhi)撐(cheng)能力(li)還有待(dai)進一步提升(sheng)，新能源(yuan)高(gao)滲(shen)透率(lv)電(dian)力(li)系統控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術亟待(dai)提高(gao)。”裴哲義表示(shi)，由(you)于新能源(yuan)發電(dian)的波動性和隨機性，特(te)別是分(fen)布式發電(dian)的“弱調度”特(te)點，高(gao)滲(shen)透率(lv)電(dian)力(li)系統運行控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)難度加大，需要(yao)研(yan)究多(duo)資(zi)源(yuan)、多(duo)目(mu)標、多(duo)約束(shu)的協調控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術。

在調(diao)節能(neng)力方面的(de)(de)挑戰是，新能(neng)源大量替代常規火電(dian)，導(dao)致電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)動(dong)態調(diao)節能(neng)力嚴重不足，電(dian)壓支撐“空(kong)心化”嚴重，存在頻率、電(dian)壓崩潰風險。同時，風電(dian)的(de)(de)“弱轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量”和光伏的(de)(de)“零(ling)轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量”導(dao)致電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)等值轉(zhuan)動(dong)慣(guan)(guan)量大幅降(jiang)低，電(dian)力系(xi)統(tong)(tong)作為旋轉(zhuan)慣(guan)(guan)量系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，由于(yu)抗擾(rao)動(dong)能(neng)力下(xia)降(jiang)，易發生穩定(ding)破壞。

此外，現(xian)有(you)國(guo)家相關標準對常規(gui)火電(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組一次調頻(pin)調壓(ya)性能都有(you)明確規(gui)定，但對新能源機(ji)組一次調頻(pin)調壓(ya)性能未做要求，因(yin)此，風電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)站并(bing)不參與系(xi)統(tong)調頻(pin)調壓(ya)。

緊抓可再生能源 跨流域跨區域互補特性

可再生能源在時間維度上具有明(ming)顯(xian)的季節性(xing)和時段(duan)性(xing)，并(bing)具有區域(yu)內水(shui)風(feng)光(guang)互(hu)補、跨流域(yu)水(shui)電(dian)互(hu)補、跨區域(yu)風(feng)光(guang)互(hu)補特性(xing)，因此，通(tong)過廣泛互(hu)聯的新一代電(dian)力系統(tong)，可實現全(quan)網(wang)發供用(yong)多能互(hu)補、時空互(hu)濟、友(you)好包容。裴哲義認為：“通(tong)過資源模擬分析，西北地區相同(tong)容量的風(feng)電(dian)、光(guang)伏互(hu)補后，日發電(dian)出力最大波動(dong)范圍減(jian)少10-15%。”

解決高(gao)(gao)比例(li)可再生能源(yuan)(yuan)消納問題，除多能互補外，提升新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)涉網(wang)技(ji)術水平(ping)(ping)(ping)是保障(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)安(an)全運(yun)行的(de)(de)必要(yao)條件。為此(ci)，國(guo)網(wang)近年來持續提升新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)調度技(ji)術水平(ping)(ping)(ping)，研(yan)發(fa)建(jian)立風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場、光伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)單元、光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)詳細仿真模型，構建(jian)新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)并網(wang)接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)仿真分(fen)析平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺；研(yan)發(fa)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場實(shi)時監(jian)測系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)，實(shi)現對風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場資源(yuan)(yuan)和運(yun)行信(xin)息的(de)(de)實(shi)時監(jian)測；開發(fa)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場綜(zong)合監(jian)控系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、有(you)功和無功控制系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)、綜(zong)合自動化系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)；研(yan)發(fa)適用于平(ping)(ping)(ping)原、丘陵(ling)、山(shan)地等(deng)地形(xing)及(ji)高(gao)(gao)原山(shan)地、溫(wen)帶海(hai)洋性(xing)/大陸性(xing)、亞熱帶季風(feng)等(deng)多種氣(qi)候類型的(de)(de)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率預測系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)。

據(ju)悉，國網(wang)在“三北”各省（區(qu)）已安裝(zhuang)30套新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)AGC（自(zi)動(dong)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)控(kong)制）、AVC（電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)自(zi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓無(wu)功控(kong)制）系統(tong)，實現新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)通道(dao)能(neng)力(li)充(chong)分(fen)利用、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)空間規(gui)范(fan)分(fen)配、無(wu)功電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓穩定控(kong)制。“國網(wang)還組織開發了(le)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)測(ce)算(suan)工(gong)具(ju)。”裴哲義介紹，按季度滾(gun)動(dong)開展經(jing)營區(qu)新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)納測(ce)算(suan)，確定新(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)利用率總體目標、新(xin)增裝(zhuang)機布局等，并(bing)向國家(jia)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)局報告(gao)相關情(qing)況(kuang)，得到認(ren)可(ke)。目前國網(wang)正在完善(shan)并(bing)試點部署水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)納能(neng)力(li)計算(suan)評估工(gong)具(ju)，開展水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)納能(neng)力(li)和棄水(shui)專題分(fen)析。