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目(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)，國內(nei)有近(jin)30個“光熱(re)+”大基地項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)快速推進，其中(zhong)約20個項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)建(jian)設(she)，部分項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)已進入全面建(jian)設(she)階段。總體來看，在(zai)首批示范(fan)后陷(xian)入沉寂的(de)光熱(re)發電正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)迎來新一(yi)波(bo)發展熱(re)潮(chao)，光熱(re)發電和(he)熔鹽儲能兩種技術均(jun)在(zai)快速發展。

多位(wei)受(shou)訪人(ren)士告訴記(ji)者，“當前新(xin)能源全面平價(jia)上網(wang)的條件下，新(xin)能源大(da)基地中光(guang)熱(re)配比較低，光(guang)熱(re)性能發(fa)揮有限(xian)”“光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)項目高質量發(fa)展，需按照市場化方式確定上網(wang)電(dian)價(jia)”。

行業逐步規范

光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電項目投資大(da)、建設(she)周期長，與光(guang)伏相比受(shou)關注程度偏(pian)低。但近兩年，在(zai)碳達峰(feng)碳中和相關政(zheng)策引導下(xia)，光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電市場(chang)逐(zhu)漸欣欣向榮。

今(jin)年，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)能源局通知提出，力(li)爭(zheng)“十四五”期間，全國(guo)(guo)光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)每年新增(zeng)開工規(gui)模達到300萬(wan)千瓦左右。各省市規(gui)劃(hua)了一(yi)批(pi)風光(guang)熱(re)大基地項(xiang)目，并(bing)陸續開標(biao)開建。如今(jin)，國(guo)(guo)家(jia)能源集團、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)建、三峽集團、中(zhong)廣(guang)核集團、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)能建等央企均在建設光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)項(xiang)目。

烏拉特100MW槽式(shi)光(guang)熱示范電站鏡場

近日，國家能(neng)源局綜(zong)合司發(fa)(fa)(fa)布(bu)2023年能(neng)源領域行(xing)業(ye)標(biao)準(zhun)制修訂計劃(hua)，涉及光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、熔鹽(yan)儲熱(re)的(de)相關標(biao)準(zhun)共有13項(xiang)，比如《風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)與光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)一(yi)體化發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)報告(gao)編(bian)制規(gui)(gui)程》《風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)與光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)一(yi)體化發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)可行(xing)性研究報告(gao)編(bian)制規(gui)(gui)程》《太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)環(huan)境保護技術(shu)監(jian)督(du)規(gui)(gui)程》《太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)汽輪(lun)機技術(shu)監(jian)督(du)規(gui)(gui)程》《太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)集熱(re)系統(tong)(tong)技術(shu)監(jian)督(du)規(gui)(gui)程》《太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)儲熱(re)換熱(re)系統(tong)(tong)技術(shu)監(jian)督(du)規(gui)(gui)程》等。業(ye)內人士認為，上述標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)修訂將規(gui)(gui)范光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)行(xing)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，避免技術(shu)亂(luan)象。

在受(shou)訪(fang)業內人士看來，政策、企業正在合力促進光熱(re)發(fa)電行(xing)業高質量發(fa)展。我國(guo)光伏、風電在經歷了(le)長期補貼激(ji)勵(li)形(xing)成一定的(de)(de)規模效(xiao)應后成本(ben)逐漸下降，光熱(re)發(fa)電目前尚(shang)未形(xing)成規模效(xiao)應。通過首批(pi)示范項目建(jian)設(she)(she)，國(guo)內光熱(re)發(fa)電行(xing)業初步實現了(le)設(she)(she)備(bei)材(cai)料的(de)(de)批(pi)量化(hua)生產和生產工(gong)藝流程的(de)(de)優化(hua)，但由于國(guo)內光熱(re)電站裝機規模較小，光熱(re)發(fa)電成本(ben)依(yi)然較高。

價值打了折扣

談及(ji)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)目前遇到的(de)困難，業內人(ren)士認為，關鍵在(zai)于(yu)“政策”和(he)“成本”問(wen)題。一位央企相關人(ren)士接(jie)受記者采訪時(shi)直言，目前風光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)一體化(hua)項目開發時(shi)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)按(an)照當(dang)地(di)燃煤發電(dian)(dian)基準電(dian)(dian)價(jia)上網大多虧損，需要(yao)通過風電(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)的(de)利潤(run)空間來彌(mi)補(bu)，地(di)方政府(fu)依據開發商能夠接(jie)受的(de)最低(di)投資收(shou)益確定(ding)光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)與風電(dian)(dian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)伏的(de)容量配比，光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)建設方案并非(fei)最優(you)技術方案，削弱了光(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)靈活調節的(de)優(you)勢。

“雖然光(guang)(guang)熱(re)的(de)價值(zhi)已(yi)經得到了廣泛認可，但是由(you)于尚未形成(cheng)規模效應，且(qie)沒有(you)經歷(li)長時間(jian)的(de)補貼激勵，現階段(duan)成(cheng)本仍(reng)然較高，也(ye)導致(zhi)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電在多能互補項(xiang)目中裝機占比(bi)較小。”浙江(jiang)可勝技術股份有(you)限公司董事長金建祥對記者分析，目前光(guang)(guang)伏和(he)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)的(de)配比(bi)在6:1-9:1之間(jian)，并不能完全滿足風光(guang)(guang)大基(ji)地自我調(diao)節需求。

全國首個達產的光熱電站——青海中(zhong)控德令哈50MW塔(ta)式熔(rong)鹽(yan)儲能光熱電站

金(jin)建祥(xiang)認為，降低光(guang)熱(re)發電成(cheng)本，一方(fang)面(mian)要(yao)(yao)靠規(gui)模擴大(da)；另(ling)一方(fang)面(mian)，技術創(chuang)(chuang)新尤為重要(yao)(yao)，希望同行能夠(gou)更多關(guan)注技術創(chuang)(chuang)新。

“如果當前(qian)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展勢(shi)頭保(bao)持下(xia)去，同時(shi)推動新技術逐步走(zou)向應用，光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電成(cheng)本(ben)快速下(xia)降指日(ri)可待。”金建祥(xiang)表示，未(wei)來光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電的(de)單機規模將(jiang)(jiang)快速擴(kuo)大到(dao)20-30萬千(qian)(qian)瓦，預計經過3年(nian)左右時(shi)間，光(guang)(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電成(cheng)本(ben)將(jiang)(jiang)降到(dao)0.6元/千(qian)(qian)瓦時(shi)以內，考(kao)慮(lv)到(dao)其自帶儲(chu)能的(de)特性，這(zhe)一成(cheng)本(ben)將(jiang)(jiang)具有競(jing)爭力。未(wei)來，在多能互補(bu)項目中，風(feng)電、光(guang)(guang)伏、光(guang)(guang)熱配比將(jiang)(jiang)達到(dao)1:1:1，從而使光(guang)(guang)熱的(de)調峰性能得到(dao)保(bao)障。

針(zhen)對光熱價值打(da)折扣問題(ti)，上述央企相關(guan)人士建議，有條件的省份和地(di)區可(ke)研究(jiu)出(chu)臺(tai)財政(zheng)(zheng)、價格、土(tu)地(di)等支持(chi)光熱發(fa)電(dian)規模化發(fa)展的配套政(zheng)(zheng)策，提前(qian)規劃百萬(wan)千瓦級(ji)、千萬(wan)千瓦級(ji)光熱發(fa)電(dian)基地(di)，率先打(da)造(zao)光熱產業集群。

上網電價與供求關系掛鉤

電(dian)(dian)力(li)規(gui)劃(hua)設(she)計(ji)總院原副(fu)院長孫銳對記者表示，現(xian)在的光熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)行業已(yi)經按照市(shi)場化方(fang)式(shi)發(fa)展，但光熱發(fa)電(dian)(dian)項目(mu)上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)價(jia)并(bing)沒(mei)(mei)有按照市(shi)場化的方(fang)式(shi)確定(ding)，導致(zhi)在項目(mu)開發(fa)的競標中(zhong)，也并(bing)沒(mei)(mei)有按照完全市(shi)場化方(fang)式(shi)進行。

孫(sun)銳直言，目(mu)(mu)前對于光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司是(shi)(shi)按照當地燃煤(mei)(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)基準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價結算(suan)，超出燃煤(mei)(mei)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)基準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價部分的(de)成本無(wu)法通(tong)過(guo)上網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價回收(shou)。在(zai)這(zhe)種情況下(xia)，采用多能(neng)互(hu)補一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)方式(shi)，為光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)搭配(pei)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，通(tong)過(guo)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)利潤空間(jian)來彌補光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)虧損(sun)。這(zhe)種建設方式(shi)帶動了光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)市場需求，有效緩解了光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產業(ye)鏈的(de)生存危機，不(bu)(bu)失(shi)為一(yi)(yi)種權宜之(zhi)策(ce)。然而(er)，在(zai)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)中(zhong)，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)(shi)虧損(sun)的(de)，開發(fa)商為了達到合(he)理(li)的(de)投(tou)資收(shou)益，不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)減少光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部分的(de)投(tou)資，致使光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聚光(guang)(guang)集熱(re)(re)系(xi)統的(de)規模大大縮小，造成光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)性能(neng)大打折扣，喪失(shi)了長(chang)時儲能(neng)的(de)技術優勢。因此，為使光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)得到健(jian)康的(de)發(fa)展，在(zai)新(xin)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統中(zhong)更好地發(fa)揮(hui)作用，建立光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的(de)成本傳導機制是(shi)(shi)當務之(zhi)急(ji)。

“以上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為標的(de)(de)(de)，通過(guo)市場競(jing)爭(zheng)確定光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)和開發商，有利于(yu)降低光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)成本(ben)、激勵相關(guan)(guan)企業的(de)(de)(de)技術進步。由于(yu)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目電(dian)(dian)站內部系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)配(pei)(pei)置非常靈(ling)活，不同的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)配(pei)(pei)置決定了光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)性能差異和發電(dian)(dian)成本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)高低。”孫銳認為，要(yao)在(zai)招(zhao)標前通過(guo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)研究確定光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)在(zai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能定位，并(bing)將對機(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)寫入(ru)招(zhao)標文(wen)件中，在(zai)滿足招(zhao)標文(wen)件技術要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)前提下，上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)最低者中標。通過(guo)招(zhao)標確定的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)需要(yao)向后端傳導。此外，要(yao)使上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)與供(gong)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)關(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)掛鉤(gou)，根據受(shou)端電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)峰谷分時電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)模式，確定電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)系(xi)(xi)數，充分利用價(jia)(jia)格機(ji)制激勵電(dian)(dian)源參與系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)調峰，降低系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)調峰成本(ben)。