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如今經(jing)濟(ji)領(ling)域最熱的(de)話題(ti)非“新基(ji)(ji)(ji)建”莫屬。“新基(ji)(ji)(ji)建”范疇的(de)5G基(ji)(ji)(ji)站正經(jing)歷(li)“幸福的(de)煩(fan)惱”，一邊是熱火朝天(tian)的(de)建設潮(chao)，另一邊卻遭遇高(gao)耗能、高(gao)電價的(de)束(shu)縛。為破(po)解5G基(ji)(ji)(ji)站建設中的(de)用(yong)電難題(ti)，多(duo)地政府相繼送出降(jiang)電價政策“大禮(li)包”。

業內專家認(ren)為，“大手筆(bi)”降低5G基站(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)，是(shi)(shi)政企聯(lian)動、合力(li)讓利的邏輯支撐。各地相繼出臺(tai)5G基站(zhan)(zhan)優(you)惠電(dian)(dian)價(jia)政策，更是(shi)(shi)“下準(zhun)藥”，尤其是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)網企業的“紅包”將助(zhu)力(li)5G基站(zhan)(zhan)建設“換擋提速”。

5G基站單站建設成本高

近日，國(guo)網(wang)電動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)公司(si)董事長全生(sheng)明(ming)介(jie)紹，在(zai)應用(yong)初期(qi)，5G套(tao)餐費與4G相比偏高，5G基站電費成本(ben)也偏高。一方面，同等信號覆蓋水平條件下，5G基站安裝數量是(shi)4G的1.5-2倍；另(ling)一方面，5G基站單站耗電量更大，單站單制(zhi)式通(tong)信設(she)備用(yong)電負(fu)荷是(shi)4G的2.5-3.5倍。“此(ci)外(wai)，5G商用(yong)部署尚(shang)未到成熟期(qi)，5G基站能效管理等技術(shu)也處于初步(bu)探索階段。因此(ci)，多(duo)因素疊(die)加，導致5G能耗總體遠高于4G，用(yong)電成本(ben)也隨之升高。”全生(sheng)明(ming)表示。

目(mu)前，5G基(ji)站主要(yao)有兩(liang)種供電(dian)方式，即(ji)電(dian)網企業(ye)直接供電(dian)和第(di)三(san)方轉供電(dian)。電(dian)網企業(ye)直接供電(dian)方式執行(xing)一般工商(shang)業(ye)電(dian)價，平均為0.682元/千瓦(wa)時；第(di)三(san)方轉供電(dian)方式，實際(ji)執行(xing)電(dian)價為1.1-1.5元/千瓦(wa)時。

據測算，以當前平均1.3元/度的轉(zhuan)供電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)計算，一個4G基(ji)站(zhan)每(mei)年的電(dian)(dian)費是20280元，一個5G基(ji)站(zhan)每(mei)年的電(dian)(dian)費將高(gao)達54600元。電(dian)(dian)信運(yun)營(ying)商官(guan)方統(tong)計顯示，5G基(ji)站(zhan)最大功耗約為4G的3-4倍，電(dian)(dian)信運(yun)營(ying)商的電(dian)(dian)費成本(ben)將是4G時代的6-12倍。甚(shen)至有些5G基(ji)站(zhan)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)高(gao)達每(mei)度電(dian)(dian)1.5元以上，不(bu)僅(jin)遠高(gao)于工(gong)商業電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，也比轉(zhuan)供電(dian)(dian)限價(jia)(jia)0.9元左右(you)高(gao)出不(bu)少。

全(quan)生明介紹(shao)，目(mu)前國網(wang)經營區建成18.9萬個5G基(ji)(ji)站，其中約72%采用電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業直(zhi)接(jie)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，28%采用第(di)三方轉供(gong)電(dian)(dian)。部分城市(shi)5G基(ji)(ji)站的第(di)三方轉供(gong)電(dian)(dian)比例甚(shen)至高達70%，直(zhi)接(jie)推(tui)高了5G基(ji)(ji)站總體電(dian)(dian)費支出。

多地發布電價優惠政策

連日來，北京、山(shan)東、江蘇、山(shan)西、河南、新疆等多(duo)地政(zheng)府印發5G基站建設優惠電(dian)價(jia)政(zheng)策(ce)，旨在降(jiang)低5G基站建設和運營成本。記者梳(shu)理發現(xian)，這些政(zheng)策(ce)“大禮(li)包”主(zhu)要包括轉(zhuan)供電(dian)改為直供電(dian)、建立基站用電(dian)報裝(zhuang)綠(lv)色通道、支(zhi)持電(dian)信(xin)運營企業(ye)參與電(dian)力市場交易等方(fang)面。

其中，山東明確(que)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)直(zhi)供(gong)到(dao)戶(hu)、安裝(zhuang)2.5千瓦(wa)及以(yi)上儲能(neng)設備的(de)5G基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)，在(zai)執(zhi)行峰谷(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)時其低(di)(di)谷(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)在(zai)現行標準(zhun)基(ji)(ji)礎上每千瓦(wa)時再降低(di)(di)3分錢（含稅）；江蘇文件(jian)稱，對符合條件(jian)的(de)5G基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)實施(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力直(zhi)接交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)，優(you)化5G設施(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應申(shen)請審批(pi)流(liu)程(cheng)，組織推進具備條件(jian)的(de)5G基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)轉(zhuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)直(zhi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)；北京政策要求，在(zai)5G基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)報裝(zhuang)、轉(zhuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)直(zhi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等方(fang)面(mian)給予政策支持；新疆(jiang)要求，轉(zhuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)主體(ti)不得通(tong)過轉(zhuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)贏利，向所(suo)有終端用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)收取的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)、損耗和(he)分攤(tan)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)(yong)之和(he)，不得超過其向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)繳納的(de)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)；山西出臺優(you)化5G設施(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應申(shen)請審批(pi)流(liu)程(cheng)、轉(zhuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)為直(zhi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、對參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場交(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)的(de)5G基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)補(bu)貼(tie)等降低(di)(di)5G基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)的(de)舉措。

政(zheng)策紅(hong)利正在發生作用(yong)。以(yi)遼(liao)寧(ning)為(wei)(wei)例，今年五(wu)一后，該省5G基站電(dian)價(jia)降至0.4元/千瓦時(shi)，未來三(san)年，將為(wei)(wei)三(san)大運(yun)營(ying)商(shang)減少用(yong)電(dian)成(cheng)本2億元以(yi)上。“5G尚在研發階段，部署和運(yun)營(ying)成(cheng)本均不小，此時(shi)給予一定補貼和扶持緩解壓力，才(cai)能更好地(di)實現產業發展(zhan)。”中國信息通信研究院總工程師(shi)羅松認(ren)為(wei)(wei)。

多渠道降低5G基站成本

今年(nian)最大的一項政策紅利(li)是(shi)，政府工(gong)作報(bao)告明確要求“降低(di)工(gong)商業(ye)電價5%政策延長到今年(nian)年(nian)底”。按年(nian)底80萬個5G基(ji)站計算(suan)，僅(jin)5G基(ji)站電費(fei)一年(nian)可降低(di)218.4億(yi)元(yuan)。

在全生明看來，國(guo)家(jia)、地方降(jiang)(jiang)低電價只是其中一個方面，降(jiang)(jiang)低5G基站用電成本需要多(duo)(duo)渠道共同發(fa)力(li)。如在降(jiang)(jiang)低5G基站能(neng)耗方面，5G設備商、建設方、運營商要通過技術進步、管理創新等(deng)多(duo)(duo)種手(shou)段(duan)，優(you)化用能(neng)管理，進一步降(jiang)(jiang)低5G基站能(neng)耗水平(ping)。

“再比如，運營商、設備廠(chang)商可以合力探索降低5G基站耗電成本(ben)，共(gong)同研究采用更(geng)高工藝(yi)制程的芯片、更(geng)節(jie)能(neng)的器(qi)件材料(liao)，引進更(geng)科學的散熱方法等(deng)，使設備功率控(kong)制能(neng)夠智能(neng)化調節(jie)、動態休眠(mian)等(deng)。”一位不愿具名的業內人士表示。

在受(shou)訪業內專家看來，5G基(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)在關鍵(jian)建設(she)(she)時(shi)期(qi)“不掉(diao)鏈子”，還需政府、通(tong)信(xin)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)商、電網企業等各方通(tong)力協(xie)作(zuo)，多渠道發力，降低5G基(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)建設(she)(she)、運(yun)(yun)營(ying)成(cheng)本(ben)。