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2017年(nian)發改委等五(wu)部門聯(lian)合發布《關(guan)(guan)于促(cu)進儲能技術與(yu)產(chan)業(ye)發展的(de)指導意見》，其中明確提(ti)到“十(shi)三五(wu)”期間，儲能行(xing)業(ye)處(chu)于商(shang)業(ye)化發展初(chu)期；而在(zai)“十(shi)四(si)五(wu)”期間，儲能項目廣泛應(ying)用將成為能源(yuan)領域經濟(ji)新增(zeng)長點，儲能行(xing)業(ye)進入規(gui)模化發展階段。曾鳴對我(wo)國能源(yuan)與(yu)電力“十(shi)四(si)五(wu)”規(gui)劃提(ti)出了需要配置(zhi)儲能的(de)相關(guan)(guan)建議(yi)。

“十四五”我國電力特點：負荷峰谷差持續加大

我國“十(shi)四(si)五”期間電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)平(ping)衡(heng)情(qing)況是(shi)當(dang)前(qian)業界(jie)十(shi)分(fen)關(guan)切、具(ju)有一(yi)定爭議的話題。國網(wang)能(neng)(neng)源研究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)(yuan)初步測算，預(yu)計“十(shi)四(si)五”期間全社會(hui)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)長(chang)率為4%—5%，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)彈性系(xi)(xi)數小于1，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)負荷峰(feng)(feng)谷差持續加(jia)大(da)(da)，冬季采暖(nuan)范圍擴大(da)(da)導致(zhi)冬季用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)峰(feng)(feng)值上(shang)升(sheng)較快(kuai)，夏(xia)季日負荷雙(shuang)峰(feng)(feng)特征更加(jia)明顯。國網(wang)能(neng)(neng)源研究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)(yuan)院(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)張運(yun)洲分(fen)析，一(yi)方(fang)面，受第(di)二產業用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比重穩步下降、第(di)三(san)產業和居民用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)占比逐年提高(gao)影響(xiang)，國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)經(jing)營區域最大(da)(da)負荷增(zeng)速(su)(su)(su)將(jiang)高(gao)于用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)速(su)(su)(su)，預(yu)測2025年達到13.3億(yi)千瓦(wa)，年均增(zeng)速(su)(su)(su)5.5%，高(gao)于用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)增(zeng)速(su)(su)(su)約1個百分(fen)點。最大(da)(da)日峰(feng)(feng)谷差率預(yu)計將(jiang)增(zeng)至35%，最大(da)(da)日峰(feng)(feng)谷差達到4億(yi)千瓦(wa)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統調(diao)峰(feng)(feng)壓力(li)進(jin)一(yi)步增(zeng)大(da)(da)。“另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面，東中部地區夏(xia)季日負荷更多地呈(cheng)現雙(shuang)峰(feng)(feng)特征，增(zeng)加(jia)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)平(ping)衡(heng)的難度。尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)晚(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)期間光(guang)伏出力(li)幾乎(hu)為0，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)晚(wan)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)平(ping)衡(heng)問(wen)題需要高(gao)度重視并加(jia)以解(jie)決。”

據國網能源(yuan)研(yan)究院(yuan)初步測算，如(ru)果(guo)僅(jin)考慮已明確的“十(shi)四五(wu)”期間投產電(dian)源(yuan)和跨區(qu)(qu)輸電(dian)通道，2025年國網公司經營區(qu)(qu)東中部地(di)區(qu)(qu)高峰(feng)時段電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)供應(ying)能力(li)(li)(li)(li)明顯不足，其(qi)中，華北受(shou)端、華東、華中等地(di)區(qu)(qu)的電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)缺口將(jiang)分(fen)別達到2400萬、3400萬和2800萬千(qian)瓦。需(xu)要多措并舉，包括增加(jia)有(you)效電(dian)源(yuan)、跨區(qu)(qu)調(diao)劑以及(ji)加(jia)大需(xu)求(qiu)側響(xiang)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)度等手段保證電(dian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)供應(ying)。

我國能源與電力“十四五”規劃應考慮的儲能應用相關建議

開展綜合能源服務

當前我國以單一(yi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)縱向(xiang)延伸(shen)為(wei)主的傳統(tong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)發展模式(shi)已不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)滿(man)足(zu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)革命(ming)戰略在(zai)提高(gao)(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)效(xiao)率、保(bao)障(zhang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)安全(quan)、促進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)和(he)(he)推動環境保(bao)護等方面的要求，亟須(xu)通過構建綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)打通電、熱、氣(qi)多種能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)子系(xi)(xi)統(tong)間的技(ji)術壁壘、體(ti)制壁壘和(he)(he)市(shi)場(chang)壁壘，促進多種能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)互補(bu)互濟和(he)(he)多系(xi)(xi)統(tong)協調優化，在(zai)保(bao)障(zhang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)安全(quan)的基(ji)礎上(shang)推動能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)提升和(he)(he)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納(na)。因(yin)此，如何圍繞(rao)“兩(liang)高(gao)(gao)三低”目標，即(ji)實現系(xi)(xi)統(tong)綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)的提高(gao)(gao)、系(xi)(xi)統(tong)運(yun)行可(ke)靠(kao)性的提高(gao)(gao)、用戶(hu)用能(neng)(neng)(neng)成(cheng)本的降(jiang)低、系(xi)(xi)統(tong)碳(tan)排放的降(jiang)低和(he)(he)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)其他(ta)污染物(wu)排放的降(jiang)低，合(he)(he)(he)理規劃建設與運(yun)行綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、開展綜(zong)合(he)(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服務是能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)與電力“十四五(wu)”規劃需要重點考慮的問題。

建(jian)(jian)議(yi)“十四(si)五”期間進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)源(yuan)(yuan)端基(ji)地(di)(di)及終(zhong)端消(xiao)費(fei)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)規劃建(jian)(jian)設，利用先(xian)進(jin)(jin)的物理信息技術和創(chuang)新管理模(mo)式，配置冷熱(re)電(dian)三聯供、電(dian)制氫、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換與儲(chu)存設備，推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)以電(dian)為核心的多(duo)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)之間的協調規劃、優化(hua)(hua)運(yun)行(xing)、協同(tong)管理、交(jiao)互響應(ying)和互補互濟，并建(jian)(jian)立多(duo)異質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)之間的價值(zhi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換媒介，形(xing)成統(tong)一(yi)的市場價值(zhi)衡量標準，促進(jin)(jin)西(xi)部可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)基(ji)地(di)(di)的電(dian)力外送與就地(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)利用，以及中東部分布式可再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的開發利用。同(tong)時(shi)建(jian)(jian)議(yi)推(tui)(tui)動國家電(dian)網、南方電(dian)網等國有(you)供電(dian)企(qi)業(ye)將綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)務(wu)作為主營業(ye)務(wu)之一(yi)，向綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)務(wu)商轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型(xing)，通(tong)過PPP、BOT、BT等模(mo)式引入(ru)其他主體、資(zi)本(ben)共(gong)同(tong)開展(zhan)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)務(wu)相關業(ye)務(wu)，以信息共(gong)享、技術共(gong)享、價值(zhi)共(gong)享的方式實現綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)服(fu)務(wu)快速、有(you)效落地(di)(di)。

綜合利用退役火電機組

隨著能源(yuan)結構(gou)的(de)調整與可再生能源(yuan)的(de)大(da)(da)規(gui)模發展(zhan)，“十四五”期間煤(mei)電機組(zu)(zu)生存空間將(jiang)持(chi)續(xu)被壓縮，供給側改革任務艱巨，一大(da)(da)批火電機組(zu)(zu)面臨退(tui)(tui)役。因此，如何妥善處理退(tui)(tui)役火電、有效利(li)用退(tui)(tui)役機組(zu)(zu)設備與廠址是能源(yuan)與電力“十四五”規(gui)劃需要重點考慮的(de)問題(ti)。

建議“十(shi)四五(wu)”期間推進通過退役(yi)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組技(ji)(ji)術(shu)改造與原有(you)廠址再(zai)建開展綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)供(gong)應的(de)(de)方式(shi)來解決火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組退役(yi)問題。鼓勵落后(hou)產能(neng)(neng)小火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機組開展低熱值煤(mei)綜合(he)利(li)用發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)改造、生(sheng)物質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)改造以(yi)及(ji)燃煤(mei)耦合(he)生(sheng)物質發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)改造，增加不需要調(diao)(diao)峰調(diao)(diao)頻調(diao)(diao)壓等(deng)配套調(diao)(diao)節(jie)措施(shi)的(de)(de)優(you)質可(ke)再(zai)生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)供(gong)應，促進煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)低碳清潔(jie)發(fa)展；鼓勵在靠(kao)近負荷區域的(de)(de)退役(yi)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)原廠址上新建包括分布式(shi)冷熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)三聯供(gong)燃氣機組、分布式(shi)光伏、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)制氫等(deng)在內的(de)(de)綜合(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)系(xi)統，為用戶提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、熱、氣、冷等(deng)多(duo)種能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)綜合(he)供(gong)應。

激發用戶側可再生能源電力使用

當前我國用(yong)戶側(ce)(ce)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力使用(yong)需(xu)求較低(di)、負(fu)荷(he)(he)靈(ling)活響應可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)出力波動的(de)潛力未被充分挖掘，可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力供(gong)需(xu)難以匹(pi)配是造(zao)成大規(gui)模可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消(xiao)納困難的(de)關(guan)鍵原因。隨著發(fa)(fa)電(dian)側(ce)(ce)的(de)補(bu)貼退(tui)坡和平(ping)價上(shang)(shang)網，以風電(dian)、光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)為主(zhu)的(de)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)全(quan)額消(xiao)納需(xu)要考慮(lv)面對用(yong)戶的(de)直(zhi)接(jie)供(gong)應，一方面發(fa)(fa)電(dian)側(ce)(ce)應在(zai)現(xian)有西北可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)基地遠(yuan)距離輸(shu)送的(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)，大力發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)東部負(fu)荷(he)(he)中(zhong)心的(de)分布(bu)式可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，另一方面用(yong)戶側(ce)(ce)應著力培養負(fu)荷(he)(he)調節(jie)靈(ling)活、用(yong)電(dian)模式匹(pi)配的(de)綠色(se)電(dian)力消(xiao)費用(yong)戶，實現(xian)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)需(xu)平(ping)衡(heng)。因此，如何激發(fa)(fa)用(yong)戶側(ce)(ce)可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)力使用(yong)需(xu)求、實現(xian)非水可(ke)再(zai)(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)直(zhi)接(jie)面對用(yong)戶供(gong)應，是能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與電(dian)力“十四五”規(gui)劃(hua)需(xu)要重(zhong)點考慮(lv)的(de)問題。

建議“十四五”期(qi)間將(jiang)(jiang)國家可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)政策重(zhong)點由(you)長期(qi)以來的(de)供應側(ce)(ce)法(fa)律政策支持逐漸轉向需求(qiu)側(ce)(ce)，將(jiang)(jiang)現階段發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側(ce)(ce)補貼(tie)(tie)模式改(gai)為用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)(ce)補貼(tie)(tie)，以激發用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)使用(yong)(yong)可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)積極(ji)性，鼓(gu)勵用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)通過技術(shu)改(gai)造、配置儲能(neng)、分(fen)(fen)布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)等方式實(shi)現對可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)出力(li)的(de)靈活(huo)響應與(yu)直接消納。建議用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)(ce)可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)補貼(tie)(tie)由(you)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)補貼(tie)(tie)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)補貼(tie)(tie)兩部(bu)分(fen)(fen)構成(cheng)，其中，容(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)補貼(tie)(tie)按(an)照用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)承諾(nuo)全(quan)部(bu)使用(yong)(yong)可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)、且(qie)可(ke)隨可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)出力(li)情況(kuang)靈活(huo)調節的(de)負荷水平(ping)按(an)月或一次性補貼(tie)(tie)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)補貼(tie)(tie)按(an)照用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)實(shi)際使用(yong)(yong)的(de)可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)進行補貼(tie)(tie)。

充分發揮需求響應資源作用

當前(qian)(qian)國際(ji)上許多國家已從能(neng)(neng)源戰略(lve)高(gao)度將需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)響應(ying)(ying)資(zi)源置(zhi)于與(yu)發電(dian)(dian)側資(zi)源同等甚至優(you)先的(de)地(di)位(wei)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)側彈性(xing)負(fu)荷、分布式電(dian)(dian)源、電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)、儲能(neng)(neng)等資(zi)源可(ke)通過(guo)(guo)對價格信號的(de)響應(ying)(ying)實(shi)現削峰填(tian)谷(gu)、追(zhui)蹤(zong)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源出力(li)(li)、為(wei)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統提供(gong)調頻輔助服務等功(gong)能(neng)(neng)，與(yu)供(gong)應(ying)(ying)側深度調峰、配(pei)置(zhi)儲能(neng)(neng)等系(xi)(xi)(xi)統調節方式相比(bi)成(cheng)本(ben)更(geng)低、效果更(geng)好(hao)，如(ru)與(yu)熱電(dian)(dian)廠加裝電(dian)(dian)蓄熱鍋爐相比(bi)，化(hua)工生產企業通過(guo)(guo)技術改造(zao)參與(yu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)響應(ying)(ying)可(ke)節約(yue)調峰成(cheng)本(ben)約(yue)0.05元(yuan)/千瓦時。我國雖于2012年開始開展了(le)一系(xi)(xi)(xi)列電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)側管理(li)城市(shi)綜(zong)合試點(dian)，“十三五”電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)規劃中也有(you)提到大力(li)(li)提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)側響應(ying)(ying)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)，但由于目前(qian)(qian)市(shi)場價格激勵機制尚未(wei)健全，需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)響應(ying)(ying)方面(mian)(mian)的(de)實(shi)質性(xing)工作并不(bu)多，實(shi)施效果也并不(bu)盡如(ru)人意(yi)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)響應(ying)(ying)資(zi)源價值需(xu)(xu)(xu)在“十四五”期(qi)間進(jin)一步挖掘。因此(ci)，如(ru)何充分發揮需(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)響應(ying)(ying)資(zi)源在提升系(xi)(xi)(xi)統可(ke)靠性(xing)、促進(jin)可(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源消納方面(mian)(mian)的(de)應(ying)(ying)有(you)作用，是能(neng)(neng)源與(yu)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)“十四五”規劃需(xu)(xu)(xu)重點(dian)考慮的(de)問題。

建(jian)(jian)議“十四(si)五”期間從加(jia)快構建(jian)(jian)市場(chang)化電(dian)價機制、建(jian)(jian)設以需(xu)求側為(wei)重點的(de)泛在電(dian)力(li)物聯網(wang)兩個方面(mian)支(zhi)持需(xu)求響應(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)源發揮其應(ying)(ying)(ying)有的(de)作用。一方面(mian)，加(jia)快電(dian)力(li)現(xian)貨市場(chang)與(yu)輔助(zhu)服務市場(chang)建(jian)(jian)設步(bu)伐(fa)，以可(ke)反(fan)映(ying)電(dian)力(li)供需(xu)情況的(de)實時電(dian)價信號激發需(xu)求響應(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)源潛(qian)力(li)；另(ling)一方面(mian)，通過廣泛部署用戶信息(xi)(xi)、電(dian)網(wang)信息(xi)(xi)與(yu)發電(dian)信息(xi)(xi)等數據(ju)(ju)采集終端，建(jian)(jian)設泛在電(dian)力(li)物聯網(wang)，打破源—網(wang)—荷—儲數據(ju)(ju)壁壘(lei)，整合系統運(yun)行、市場(chang)交易和用戶用電(dian)數據(ju)(ju)，提(ti)高需(xu)求側大(da)數據(ju)(ju)分(fen)析能力(li)，實現(xian)需(xu)求響應(ying)(ying)(ying)資(zi)源的(de)智能調控。