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近年中國(guo)迅速崛起為世界上(shang)最大的能源(yuan)生(sheng)產(chan)國(guo)和消費國(guo)。上(shang)層(ceng)建筑必須和經(jing)濟(ji)基礎相適應，在長(chang)期計劃經(jing)濟(ji)體(ti)制(zhi)下形成的能源(yuan)管理體(ti)制(zhi)需(xu)要不斷深化(hua)改革(ge)，逐步改革(ge)阻礙生(sheng)產(chan)力發展(zhan)的制(zhi)度因素，以適應發展(zhan)了的經(jing)濟(ji)基礎的需(xu)要。

改(gai)(gai)革(ge)開放以來(lai)不(bu)斷(duan)深化(hua)的(de)(de)能源(yuan)管理體(ti)制(zhi)對促進(jin)能源(yuan)生(sheng)產力的(de)(de)發展起(qi)了重要(yao)作用。其中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力和鐵路、民航、通訊曾被稱為(wei)四個壟斷(duan)性行(xing)業，它由計劃經濟(ji)體(ti)制(zhi)下的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部演(yan)變(bian)成(cheng)政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)不(bu)分(fen)、廠網不(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力總公司。2002年起(qi)實(shi)施了對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力體(ti)制(zhi)進(jin)一(yi)步的(de)(de)市場(chang)化(hua)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)，主要(yao)內容是進(jin)行(xing)了政(zheng)企(qi)(qi)分(fen)開、廠網分(fen)開和主輔分(fen)開。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)涉(she)及面廣，爭論也多。對于歷(li)經爭論、幾(ji)易其稿的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力改(gai)(gai)革(ge)最后(hou)形(xing)成(cheng)“共識”是一(yi)個漫長而艱難的(de)(de)過(guo)程。

作為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)參與(yu)者，回顧(gu)總結(jie)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)方案的(de)形(xing)成過(guo)程(cheng)，對能源(yuan)領域(yu)的(de)其他改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)，乃(nai)至對其他經濟領域(yu)的(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)有(you)借鑒意義。任何一(yi)(yi)個改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)都不(bu)(bu)是(shi)理想(xiang)化(hua)(hua)的(de)，都需(xu)隨(sui)著歷(li)史(shi)的(de)變遷不(bu)(bu)斷進(jin)行調整、完善，改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)斷深化(hua)(hua)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。2002年(nian)進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)以(yi)(yi)來(lai)的(de)十年(nian)間，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)工業飛(fei)速發展，裝機容量(liang)從2001年(nian)的(de)3.386億(yi)千瓦(wa)增加到2012年(nian)的(de)11.44億(yi)千瓦(wa)，趕上了(le)美國(guo)(guo)，成為(wei)(wei)世界上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)裝機容量(liang)最大(da)的(de)國(guo)(guo)家。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網從六大(da)區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網基本互不(bu)(bu)相聯到形(xing)成包(bao)括西藏(zang)和(he)海南島在內的(de)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)聯網。但(dan)毋庸諱言，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)成功(gong)仍爭議(yi)不(bu)(bu)斷。也(ye)(ye)有(you)人認為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)停滯不(bu)(bu)前，甚(shen)至認為(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)成功(gong)。在更(geng)廣泛的(de)油氣、煤炭、新能源(yuan)領域(yu)要求價格和(he)審批制度的(de)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)呼聲也(ye)(ye)很高(gao)。另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面國(guo)(guo)際國(guo)(guo)內的(de)能源(yuan)事(shi)務發生著重大(da)變化(hua)(hua)，國(guo)(guo)際上也(ye)(ye)在研究中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)，借鑒中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)某些(xie)做法。針(zhen)對社(she)會上對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)種種議(yi)論和(he)看法，我(wo)在本文中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)(ye)提出了(le)評判一(yi)(yi)項改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)和(he)一(yi)(yi)項制度正確與(yu)否(fou)(fou)的(de)標準(zhun)，堅持(chi)實踐是(shi)檢(jian)驗(yan)真理的(de)唯一(yi)(yi)標準(zhun)的(de)準(zhun)則(ze)，充分(fen)肯定自(zi)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)開放以(yi)(yi)來(lai)鄧小平(ping)同志提出的(de)“摸

著石頭過河”的漸進改革過程，兼顧推進改革和考慮社會承受能力，在維護社會穩定的前提下穩步推進改革的做法。

一、電力體制改革方案形成的過程

1.多家(jia)辦(ban)電引入競爭

20世紀90年(nian)代末，相對民航和(he)電(dian)信改(gai)(gai)革，要求(qiu)對電(dian)力體制(zhi)進行改(gai)(gai)革的(de)呼聲很(hen)高。過去政府管(guan)理(li)經濟的(de)架(jia)構很(hen)大程度上受到蘇(su)聯的(de)影響，設(she)置(zhi)了(le)很(hen)多專(zhuan)業(ye)性的(de)工業(ye)部(bu)門(men)。隨著(zhu)中(zhong)國經濟體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革的(de)進行，眾多的(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)部(bu)門(men)被(bei)撤銷歸并成幾(ji)個綜合性的(de)管(guan)理(li)部(bu)門(men)。

改(gai)革之后(hou)，許多(duo)(duo)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)門(men)沒有(you)了(le)，相對集中(zhong)和精(jing)簡了(le)。其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)部(bu)(bu)門(men)變成了(le)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)，這(zhe)些(xie)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)既(ji)管了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)事情，但(dan)又繼承了(le)原(yuan)來部(bu)(bu)門(men)政(zheng)府管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)分職(zhi)能(neng)，電(dian)力(li)也是這(zhe)樣(yang)。過去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力(li)部(bu)(bu)演變成了(le)國家電(dian)力(li)公司(si)，國家電(dian)力(li)公司(si)仍然行使(shi)部(bu)(bu)分政(zheng)府行政(zheng)管理(li)職(zhi)能(neng)，也有(you)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)管理(li)職(zhi)能(neng)。當(dang)時有(you)這(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種說法，廟里有(you)這(zhe)么(me)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)菩薩，只把菩薩請(qing)走了(le)還會有(you)其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)菩薩來，所以要先拆(chai)廟后(hou)搬菩薩。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)涉及(ji)幾(ji)十(shi)個部(bu)(bu)委(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動作，涉及(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機關干部(bu)(bu)起(qi)碼有(you)好幾(ji)萬人，這(zhe)么(me)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革需要很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)魄(po)力(li)。

回顧來看，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)我國改(gai)(gai)革進程中一(yi)個(ge)(ge)非常(chang)重大(da)的(de)步(bu)驟(zou)，也是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)阻(zu)力比較大(da)的(de)步(bu)驟(zou)。第二步(bu)是(shi)對一(yi)些已經變成公(gong)司但又兼(jian)有(you)行(xing)政管理(li)職能(neng)的(de)機構進行(xing)進一(yi)步(bu)改(gai)(gai)革，首當(dang)其沖(chong)的(de)就是(shi)電(dian)力、民航(hang)和電(dian)信(xin)部門(men)。如果讓這(zhe)(zhe)些部門(men)自己改(gai)(gai)自己是(shi)很難的(de)，需要一(yi)個(ge)(ge)綜(zong)合部門(men)設計改(gai)(gai)革方案。這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)任(ren)務落(luo)到了(le)當(dang)時(shi)國家發展計劃委員(yuan)會頭上，體改(gai)(gai)辦以及被改(gai)(gai)革的(de)幾(ji)個(ge)(ge)部門(men)的(de)同志(zhi)參加了(le)改(gai)(gai)革領導小組的(de)工作。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革比(bi)較有共(gong)識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首先是政企(qi)(qi)分開(kai)(kai)，把(ba)政府的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職能從原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)(si)剝(bo)離出(chu)來(lai)放到(dao)(dao)政府部(bu)門里去;第(di)二個(ge)是改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模式，大(da)家(jia)(jia)比(bi)較統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)看法就(jiu)是政企(qi)(qi)分開(kai)(kai)、廠網(wang)分開(kai)(kai)、主輔分開(kai)(kai)。發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸配業(ye)(ye)(ye)務在改(gai)(gai)革之前均屬(shu)于國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)(si)，把(ba)原來(lai)屬(shu)于國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)剝(bo)離出(chu)來(lai)，不(bu)是壟斷，不(bu)由一(yi)家(jia)(jia)公司(si)(si)(si)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而是允許多(duo)家(jia)(jia)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，允許多(duo)種所有制(zhi)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，引入競爭(zheng)。多(duo)家(jia)(jia)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實際(ji)上是兩個(ge)步(bu)驟(zou)(zou)：一(yi)個(ge)步(bu)驟(zou)(zou)是把(ba)原來(lai)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)(si)所屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)剝(bo)離出(chu)來(lai)，組成(cheng)了(le)五(wu)家(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。五(wu)家(jia)(jia)可以相互競爭(zheng)，根據企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務和(he)其他方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力(li)進行競爭(zheng)。另一(yi)個(ge)重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)步(bu)驟(zou)(zou)是原來(lai)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)(si)范圍(wei)以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)也允許參與(yu)(yu)競爭(zheng)，就(jiu)是多(duo)種所有制(zhi)都允許參與(yu)(yu)到(dao)(dao)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)領域中(zhong)來(lai)，包(bao)(bao)括外(wai)資(zi)以及中(zhong)外(wai)合資(zi)、民(min)(min)營(ying)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，也包(bao)(bao)括非電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)來(lai)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。例如香港華潤(run)、臺(tai)灣(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臺(tai)塑，煤(mei)炭行業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)華、同煤(mei)集團，民(min)(min)營(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協鑫、珠(zhu)江，地(di)方(fang)投資(zi)主體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河北建投、江蘇(su)國(guo)(guo)信、粵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)，都辦(ban)了(le)一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠。現在從事發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)近上百家(jia)(jia)，原屬(shu)于國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五(wu)大(da)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司(si)(si)(si)所占發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)例現在連一(yi)半都不(bu)到(dao)(dao)了(le)，引入了(le)多(duo)家(jia)(jia)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競爭(zheng)局(ju)面。

改革過(guo)程中(zhong)比(bi)較難的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)怎么辦?有人提出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)可以(yi)引入競爭，類似于把(ba)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)成五大公(gong)司(si)一(yi)樣(yang)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)也(ye)變(bian)成幾個(ge)(ge)公(gong)司(si)。曾經有過(guo)設想(xiang)，按照原(yuan)有的(de)(de)(de)六個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管局(東北、西北、華北、華中(zhong)、華東、南方(fang))變(bian)成六個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)。但是(shi)也(ye)有人提出(chu)，就算把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)變(bian)成六個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)，在任何一(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)管轄范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)內它還(huan)是(shi)一(yi)家。例如東北網(wang)(wang)(wang)，在東北地(di)區(qu)內，也(ye)不可能把(ba)南方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)送到東北去跟它競爭，所(suo)以(yi)在它的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)內還(huan)是(shi)自然壟斷(duan)，只是(shi)這個(ge)(ge)自然壟斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)(fan)圍(wei)從全中(zhong)國(guo)變(bian)成了(le)某一(yi)個(ge)(ge)區(qu)域而已，所(suo)以(yi)這個(ge)(ge)改法不行。也(ye)有人主(zhu)張電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)不能拆分，應當是(shi)全國(guo)“一(yi)張網(wang)(wang)(wang)”。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)改(gai)革(ge)碰到(dao)了(le)很(hen)(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部門(men)和(he)其(qi)他部門(men)的(de)(de)(de)一些同志(zhi)對廠網分開，還(huan)要拆分電(dian)(dian)(dian)網覺得難以接(jie)受。新中國(guo)成(cheng)立(li)以來(lai)(lai)都(dou)是這樣的(de)(de)(de)體制(zhi)(zhi)，并且發展(zhan)成(cheng)現(xian)在有相當規模的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)工業，現(xian)在給拆了(le)，心里不好受。但是社會輿論都(dou)認為應該要進行政企分開和(he)廠網分開，這已經是大勢所趨。再進一步(bu)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)網分開的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)就大了(le)。最后歸結(jie)起(qi)來(lai)(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)焦點是：到(dao)底全國(guo)是“一張網”還(huan)是“多張網”?高層也(ye)有不同看法(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)到(dao)了(le)具體方(fang)案設計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)階段，遇到(dao)了(le)很(hen)(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)難題。

國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)電力公(gong)司是(shi)被改的(de)對象，廠網分(fen)(fen)開直接關系到國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)電力公(gong)司的(de)拆(chai)分(fen)(fen)，不(bu)(bu)僅僅是(shi)發電企(qi)業(ye)分(fen)(fen)離出去(qu)，還有電網公(gong)司拆(chai)不(bu)(bu)拆(chai)的(de)問(wen)(wen)題，這要比現在想象的(de)復雜得多。為(wei)了(le)形成(cheng)改革(ge)共識，當(dang)時組(zu)織(zhi)人(ren)去(qu)國外考察，借(jie)鑒其(qi)他國家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)電力管理體(ti)制(zhi)經驗(yan)，舉(ju)辦了(le)很多國內外的(de)研討會和(he)座談會。電網能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)拆(chai)開，成(cheng)了(le)當(dang)時電力體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)方(fang)案能(neng)(neng)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)出臺的(de)一個焦點問(wen)(wen)題。社會上(shang)也(ye)很關注，大家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)提出了(le)各種建議，有主(zhu)張分(fen)(fen)開的(de)，也(ye)有主(zhu)張不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)分(fen)(fen)開的(de)，各抒己見(jian)。

我(wo)們搞過很多(duo)大(da)的研(yan)討會，也(ye)(ye)請了(le)很多(duo)國(guo)外的咨詢機構和(he)能源機構，比(bi)如高(gao)盛、美(mei)國(guo)劍橋能源研(yan)究(jiu)所都來(lai)過，別的一些國(guo)家也(ye)(ye)介紹(shao)了(le)他(ta)們電力(li)管(guan)理(li)的經驗。一些投行為了(le)找商業機會也(ye)(ye)來(lai)出主意，想以后幫助(zhu)這(zhe)些企(qi)業上市，達到某種經濟利益。其(qi)實全(quan)世界各國(guo)電力(li)管(guan)理(li)模(mo)式沒(mei)有哪個(ge)是完全(quan)一樣的，大(da)家公(gong)認是最好(hao)的，每個(ge)國(guo)家都能遵(zun)循的模(mo)式是沒(mei)有的，包括(kuo)西方(fang)國(guo)家，也(ye)(ye)各不相同，當時各種意見魚龍混雜。由(you)于在這(zhe)個(ge)問題(ti)上爭議(yi)很大(da)，電力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)搞不下去。江澤民總書記也(ye)(ye)親自過問，電力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)為什(shen)么(me)到現在還沒(mei)有改(gai)成(cheng)?到底有什(shen)么(me)阻力(li)?分歧在哪里?他(ta)直接打電話給曾培炎同志。實際上，最后問題(ti)就(jiu)集中到“一張(zhang)網”還是“多(duo)張(zhang)網”上了(le)。

為(wei)(wei)(wei)什么后(hou)來(lai)(lai)變成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)國(guo)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)網(wang)(wang)?由于(yu)當時(shi)已(yi)有(you)從天生橋(qiao)向廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)送(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有(you)了(le)從西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)部往廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)送(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雛形(xing)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力體制改革(ge)之前(qian)，實(shi)際上(shang)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)了(le)一(yi)系(xi)列西(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)送(song)(song)(song)(song)工作(zuo)，在(zai)此基礎(chu)上(shang)，已(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)、貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)、廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)、廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)聯網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雛形(xing)，其(qi)余的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)再拆分。所以說(shuo)后(hou)來(lai)(lai)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)網(wang)(wang)、南(nan)(nan)網(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)種意見(jian)，包(bao)括高(gao)層領(ling)導意見(jian)協調統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根據(ju)當時(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況作(zuo)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)定。曾(ceng)培炎(yan)副總(zong)理(li)在(zai)《西(xi)(xi)(xi)部大開(kai)(kai)發(fa)決(jue)(jue)策回(hui)顧(gu)》一(yi)書里(li)面回(hui)憶說(shuo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力體制改革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)背景是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)灘(tan)(tan)棄(qi)水，還(huan)有(you)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)送(song)(song)(song)(song)。2000年夏天中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)(zheng)治局(ju)在(zai)北(bei)戴河(he)召開(kai)(kai)會議。李(li)長(chang)春(chun)同(tong)志當時(shi)任中(zhong)(zhong)共(gong)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)省委書記，提出(chu)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)迅速，缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)(wen)題已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)制約廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)瓶(ping)頸，要(yao)求在(zai)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五年規劃(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)新增1000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。討論(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)，到(dao)底是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)1000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦，還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)、云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)向廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)送(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦，意見(jian)分歧較(jiao)大。朱镕基總(zong)理(li)極力主(zhu)張廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)不(bu)用再建(jian)(jian)(jian)這(zhe)么多(duo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠，要(yao)搞西(xi)(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)送(song)(song)(song)(song)，由貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)、云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)向廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)送(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)對西(xi)(xi)(xi)部欠發(fa)達省份的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持。這(zhe)個(ge)意見(jian)最后(hou)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)央政(zheng)(zheng)治局(ju)會議上(shang)達成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)共(gong)識，包(bao)括江澤民總(zong)書記也(ye)同(tong)意按(an)照朱镕基總(zong)理(li)這(zhe)個(ge)意見(jian)辦(ban)。按(an)照這(zhe)個(ge)意見(jian)，具體落實(shi)向廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)送(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方案(an)。李(li)鵬委員(yuan)長(chang)在(zai)會上(shang)提出(chu)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意見(jian)，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)擔心短期內向廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)送(song)(song)(song)(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1000萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦有(you)困難，即使(shi)在(zai)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)或云(yun)(yun)南(nan)(nan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站可能也(ye)來(lai)(lai)不(bu)及(ji)。李(li)鵬委員(yuan)長(chang)提出(chu)，把(ba)(ba)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)路(lu)直(zhi)流送(song)(song)(song)(song)往廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方向是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)早(zao)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，華東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)(he)華中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消納(na)地(di)，以前(qian)沒有(you)考(kao)慮(lv)過把(ba)(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)送(song)(song)(song)(song)到(dao)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)次會議上(shang)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。那時(shi)候(hou)(hou)已(yi)經(jing)(jing)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)常線(xian)，三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)到(dao)常州(zhou))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)招標。我(wo)(wo)們把(ba)(ba)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)到(dao)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)這(zhe)條三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線(xian)加進(jin)(jin)(jin)去，變成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)兩條±500千(qian)(qian)伏直(zhi)流輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)，打捆拿去和(he)(he)(he)ABB統(tong)一(yi)招標談判。這(zhe)一(yi)意見(jian)很快(kuai)被大家(jia)接受(shou)，這(zhe)跟(gen)二(er)灘(tan)(tan)初期有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)送(song)(song)(song)(song)不(bu)出(chu)有(you)些(xie)關(guan)系(xi)。二(er)灘(tan)(tan)水電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)正好是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)受(shou)亞洲金融危機(ji)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低谷時(shi)期，那個(ge)時(shi)候(hou)(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)非(fei)常旺盛，二(er)灘(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)送(song)(song)(song)(song)不(bu)出(chu)去。那時(shi)每年都要(yao)開(kai)(kai)一(yi)次會，討論(lun)怎么把(ba)(ba)二(er)灘(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)消納(na)掉，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)消納(na)不(bu)掉，沒人要(yao)。到(dao)了(le)豐水期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)(hou)，計(ji)劃(hua)外發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)度只(zhi)有(you)2—3分錢。如何讓(rang)二(er)灘(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)送(song)(song)(song)(song)出(chu)來(lai)(lai)，經(jing)(jing)研究后(hou)來(lai)(lai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)線(xian)，從三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)到(dao)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)縣用500千(qian)(qian)伏交流聯起來(lai)(lai)，讓(rang)“川(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)川(chuan)(chuan)”，想辦(ban)法把(ba)(ba)四川(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)送(song)(song)(song)(song)到(dao)華中(zhong)(zhong)、華東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。二(er)灘(tan)(tan)這(zhe)件事說(shuo)明了(le)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力需要(yao)在(zai)更大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍進(jin)(jin)(jin)行配置(zhi)。原來(lai)(lai)川(chuan)(chuan)渝和(he)(he)(he)華中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，川(chuan)(chuan)渝是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)網(wang)(wang)，華中(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)網(wang)(wang)，由于(yu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)線(xian)，才把(ba)(ba)川(chuan)(chuan)渝電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)(he)華中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)聯成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)。三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)當時(shi)同(tong)樣有(you)這(zhe)個(ge)問(wen)(wen)題，不(bu)像現在(zai)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)誰(shui)都覺得好，以前(qian)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分給誰(shui)誰(shui)都不(bu)要(yao)。找重慶談，重慶說(shuo)千(qian)(qian)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)不(bu)要(yao)分給我(wo)(wo)，我(wo)(wo)們重慶為(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)(san)(san)(san)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設移民做了(le)這(zhe)么大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)犧牲(sheng)，你還(huan)要(yao)給我(wo)(wo)。

湖北(bei)說湖北(bei)水電這(zhe)么豐(feng)富，我不(bu)要。當時的分配是沿江(jiang)都有份(fen)，包括河南、安徽(hui)、江(jiang)西(xi)都屬(shu)于分電的地區。河南說我有這(zhe)么多煤，以火(huo)電為(wei)主，三(san)峽(xia)電就不(bu)要給我了。找江(jiang)西(xi)、安徽(hui)，他們說我們是農業省，經濟欠發(fa)達，也不(bu)要這(zhe)么多電。只有江(jiang)浙滬沒有說過這(zhe)些(xie)話。因(yin)此三(san)峽(xia)電往廣東(dong)送，在當時情況下是非(fei)常正(zheng)確的選擇(ze)，使三(san)峽(xia)的電在更大的范圍內消納。

方(fang)案(an)還(huan)包括了離廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)很近的(de)(de)(de)湖南(nan)(nan)鯉(li)魚江電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠上馬擴建兩(liang)臺30萬(wan)千瓦火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組，直送(song)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)，一(yi)共湊足了1000萬(wan)千瓦，滿足了廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)目標，這就(jiu)是西電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)(dong)送(song)的(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)線方(fang)案(an)。西電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)(dong)送(song)方(fang)案(an)發生(sheng)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革之前，從(cong)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)、貴(gui)州(zhou)向廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)任務肯定(ding)是落到(dao)了云(yun)南(nan)(nan)、貴(gui)州(zhou)、廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)西、廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)頭上。當(dang)時(shi)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)、貴(gui)州(zhou)、廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)西電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)歸國家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司管(guan)，廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)是地方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，合起(qi)來有了南(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)這個雛(chu)形。所(suo)以議論(lun)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)，和2000年以后決定(ding)往(wang)廣(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)東(dong)(dong)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1000萬(wan)千瓦有關，這是形成南(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)。提(ti)出搞兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，既吸(xi)收了主(zhu)張(zhang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)不(bu)拆分的(de)(de)(de)意見，也不(bu)是以前講的(de)(de)(de)六張(zhang)網(wang)，確實是一(yi)個折中的(de)(de)(de)意見，過去爭(zheng)論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)種意見都吸(xi)納了一(yi)部分。

這個方(fang)案出來以后，各方(fang)面基本上認可，但不是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有(you)阻力。比如說，當時海(hai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省認為海(hai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)獨(du)立的，南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)沒電(dian)(dian)(dian)送給海(hai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)，海(hai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)也沒電(dian)(dian)(dian)送給南(nan)(nan)(nan)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，為什么海(hai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)要進南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)?最后決定(ding)建海(hai)底電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)把(ba)海(hai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)和南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)聯起來，海(hai)南(nan)(nan)(nan)才同(tong)意了(le)。另一(yi)個問(wen)題，原先廣(guang)東(dong)省的電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)投(tou)資(zi)主體實際上是(shi)(shi)(shi)廣(guang)東(dong)省，并不是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)央資(zi)產，當時南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中(zhong)(zhong)作為地方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的廣(guang)東(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)資(zi)產最多(duo)，大股(gu)東(dong)應是(shi)(shi)(shi)廣(guang)東(dong)省，但后來把(ba)南(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，包(bao)括人(ren)事任免收到中(zhong)(zhong)央管了(le)，在大的形勢下廣(guang)東(dong)顧全大局(ju)也同(tong)意了(le)。

10年(nian)過去了(le)，基本(ben)上按照改(gai)革(ge)方(fang)案進(jin)行了(le)改(gai)組、建(jian)設，實現(xian)了(le)向廣(guang)東送電(dian)(dian)1000萬千瓦，最(zui)后(hou)還超了(le)。結合(he)我國拉動內需的(de)(de)(de)戰略，開展(zhan)了(le)西電(dian)(dian)東送，南(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)打得(de)很漂亮，讓大(da)家確實感受到了(le)南(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)作用。現(xian)在兩(liang)(liang)張網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)架構比(bi)較(jiao)穩固(gu)了(le)，但(dan)是(shi)后(hou)遺(yi)(yi)癥也有(you)，不是(shi)完全沒有(you)。當時(shi)往廣(guang)東送電(dian)(dian)還有(you)其他的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案，把(ba)福建(jian)和(he)廣(guang)東聯起來(lai)。從(cong)東南(nan)沿(yan)海(hai)來(lai)說，福建(jian)和(he)廣(guang)東都是(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)比(bi)較(jiao)開放發達的(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)，把(ba)這兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)省的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)(wang)聯起來(lai)是(shi)順(shun)理成章的(de)(de)(de)事情(qing)，但(dan)是(shi)后(hou)來(lai)由于變成了(le)國網(wang)(wang)和(he)南(nan)網(wang)(wang)，至今福建(jian)和(he)廣(guang)東還是(shi)沒有(you)聯起來(lai)。從(cong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)規劃來(lai)說，應(ying)該把(ba)這兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)地(di)方(fang)聯起來(lai)，這是(shi)留下的(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)后(hou)遺(yi)(yi)癥。

2.電監會與英國模式

中國的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)改革(ge)方案很(hen)大(da)程度上參考了英國模(mo)式，成立電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)也是(shi)借鑒了英國做法(fa)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網在某一(yi)個特定(ding)區域內的壟(long)斷性實際上沒有改變，再怎么分(fen)，在一(yi)個區域內還是(shi)自然壟(long)斷。因此，如何做到公(gong)平交易(yi)，加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)自然壟(long)斷的監管(guan)是(shi)必須考慮(lv)的。發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側形成了競爭關系，多種所(suo)有制都(dou)可以辦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)賣(mai)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網是(shi)不(bu)是(shi)公(gong)平對(dui)(dui)待所(suo)有發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的企業?游戲(xi)規則需要有人來(lai)監管(guan)，所(suo)以出來(lai)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監會(hui)。

電(dian)網公司(si)在(zai)(zai)某些方(fang)面還(huan)保持了(le)壟斷(duan)特征，為(wei)了(le)保證各種電(dian)力企業都(dou)能(neng)夠(gou)公平地(di)競爭(zheng)，需要(yao)一(yi)個電(dian)力的(de)監(jian)(jian)管機構(gou)，也就采(cai)用了(le)英國模(mo)式(shi)。電(dian)監(jian)(jian)會，顧名思義就是(shi)(shi)要(yao)對電(dian)力行(xing)(xing)業的(de)游戲規則進(jin)行(xing)(xing)監(jian)(jian)管。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)過(guo)去在(zai)(zai)政企不分的(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，或者是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)老(lao)(lao)電(dian)力部(bu)、老(lao)(lao)電(dian)力公司(si)的(de)情(qing)況下(xia)所沒有(you)的(de)新(xin)機構(gou)。這(zhe)屆新(xin)政府把(ba)(ba)電(dian)監(jian)(jian)會和(he)能(neng)源局又合(he)并成新(xin)的(de)能(neng)源局。有(you)人把(ba)(ba)設立電(dian)監(jian)(jian)會稱為(wei)政監(jian)(jian)分離(li)，把(ba)(ba)電(dian)監(jian)(jian)會和(he)能(neng)源局合(he)并稱為(wei)政監(jian)(jian)合(he)一(yi)模(mo)式(shi)。

水電(dian)(dian)(dian)基本上按照一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)流域(yu)給(gei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)公司(si)，不再(zai)拆分，比如說(shuo)黃(huang)河(he)上中游，就(jiu)劃給(gei)了(le)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)投。一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)流域(yu)基本上是一(yi)家公司(si)，沒有把流域(yu)里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站再(zai)進(jin)行拆分，留了(le)一(yi)些調峰水電(dian)(dian)(dian)站給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)。另外(wai)還留出了(le)970萬千瓦(wa)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)資產，將(jiang)來(lai)出售變現(xian)后用來(lai)支付老(lao)職工退(tui)休(xiu)金(jin)，主輔分離解決歷史遺留問題的(de)改革成本，以保持(chi)社會穩定。這個(ge)(ge)(ge)決定現(xian)在看來(lai)也是非常(chang)正確的(de)。

3.“墻內開(kai)花墻外紅”

現在有(you)些人認為電(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革不徹底，甚至(zhi)(zhi)是失敗的(de)。看(kan)問題要(yao)有(you)歷史(shi)唯物(wu)主義的(de)視角。全(quan)世界沒(mei)有(you)哪兩個國(guo)(guo)家的(de)電(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)管理模(mo)式(shi)是完全(quan)一模(mo)一樣的(de)。法(fa)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)至(zhi)(zhi)今為止依然是國(guo)(guo)有(you)，它依然屬于(yu)法(fa)國(guo)(guo)政府(fu)，而且還(huan)是廠網(wang)不分(fen)的(de)，全(quan)部核電(dian)(dian)站都歸法(fa)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)管。看(kan)到中國(guo)(guo)的(de)電(dian)(dian)改(gai)，他(ta)們也(ye)想(xiang)改(gai)，曾(ceng)經他(ta)們也(ye)想(xiang)民營(ying)化，也(ye)想(xiang)做廠網(wang)分(fen)開，但(dan)立即(ji)引起了法(fa)電(dian)(dian)職工(gong)罷(ba)工(gong)，法(fa)國(guo)(guo)政府(fu)就不敢改(gai)了。

第二個例子是(shi)(shi)日(ri)本，日(ri)本和(he)(he)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)不(bu)太一(yi)樣，每個區(qu)域(yu)都沒(mei)有(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)源，不(bu)像(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)一(yi)些(xie)地方(fang)有(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)源，有(you)(you)一(yi)些(xie)地方(fang)沒(mei)有(you)(you)能(neng)(neng)源。因(yin)此，日(ri)本的電力基本上是(shi)(shi)每個區(qu)域(yu)自求平衡，而不(bu)是(shi)(shi)像(xiang)我們(men)這樣要(yao)把(ba)貴州的電送到(dao)廣東(dong)去(qu)，他(ta)沒(mei)有(you)(you)這個需求，他(ta)們(men)互相(xiang)之間(jian)也聯結，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)這些(xie)聯結完全是(shi)(shi)屬于保安電，這是(shi)(shi)日(ri)本的特色(se)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的國(guo)(guo)情(qing)和(he)(he)日(ri)本完全不(bu)一(yi)樣。

美(mei)國(guo)的(de)情況(kuang)則(ze)更(geng)加(jia)復(fu)雜。例(li)如，美(mei)國(guo)最(zui)大的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)杜(du)克公司，在美(mei)國(guo)六個(ge)州經營(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力，既經營(ying)包括火電(dian)(dian)(dian)、水電(dian)(dian)(dian)、核電(dian)(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、太(tai)陽能(neng)的(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務，也經營(ying)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務，是一個(ge)廠網不(bu)分(fen)、輸配不(bu)分(fen)的(de)全能(neng)公司。

其他發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)就更沒(mei)法(fa)和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)比了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，例如(ru)印度有(you)(you)五個管能源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)門(men)，緬甸(dian)還有(you)(you)兩個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)部(bu)。俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，實際(ji)上中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)是(shi)蘇聯幫(bang)我(wo)們(men)建(jian)立(li)起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。雖然(ran)(ran)蘇聯解體(ti)(ti)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，叫作統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)。統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)任總裁是(shi)俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設計者(zhe)，曾任俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)總理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)丘拜斯(si)(si)。那時俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)仍然(ran)(ran)是(shi)廠網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)(bu)分(fen)。后(hou)(hou)來中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)改(gai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，對俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)動很大(da)，俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)就比照了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)來進行改(gai)革，廠網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)開，把發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)側組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)六家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，加上各加盟共(gong)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)40多家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)。但(dan)(dan)遠東(dong)地區仍然(ran)(ran)廠網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)(bu)分(fen)，組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)東(dong)方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)。改(gai)革后(hou)(hou)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)還是(shi)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)將輸配(pei)分(fen)開，成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)和一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)。但(dan)(dan)經(jing)過幾(ji)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實踐后(hou)(hou)他們(men)發(fa)(fa)現輸配(pei)分(fen)開的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)效(xiao)率(lv)并不(bu)(bu)高，因為(wei)(wei)骨(gu)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和配(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)必(bi)須同步發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，而且應該(gai)使入網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)程序最(zui)為(wei)(wei)簡化，減少建(jian)設和運營成(cheng)(cheng)本，而輸配(pei)分(fen)開后(hou)(hou)反而使效(xiao)率(lv)更為(wei)(wei)低下。所以(yi)，普京總統親自召開電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)專題會議(yi)，討論(lun)俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)戰略(lve)草(cao)案和組(zu)建(jian)俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)，決定把國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)和配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)重新組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)。俄(e)(e)羅(luo)斯(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革基本上是(shi)比照了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)式(shi)，我(wo)們(men)是(shi)“墻內開花墻外紅”。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內部(bu)有(you)(you)這(zhe)樣(yang)(yang)那樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)滿(man)，覺得不(bu)(bu)夠理想，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)從外部(bu)看中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革，看到中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)飛速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)事業，認為(wei)(wei)我(wo)們(men)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最(zui)成(cheng)(cheng)功，恰恰是(shi)好(hao)得很。其他國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)若(ruo)干次大(da)停電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但(dan)(dan)是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)沒(mei)有(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)整個網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)架結構(gou)是(shi)非(fei)常(chang)清晰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)出現很多國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重復、混亂甚至帶(dai)有(you)(you)安全(quan)隱患(huan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。這(zhe)是(shi)由于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)市場(chang)經(jing)濟和改(gai)革的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動力(li)(li)(li)，也(ye)有(you)(you)當年(nian)計劃經(jing)濟比較合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規劃因素在里(li)面。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)在世界上是(shi)最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)連頻率(lv)都不(bu)(bu)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，這(zhe)反而成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)安全(quan)隱患(huan)。而中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)沒(mei)有(you)(you)這(zhe)種情況(kuang)，都非(fei)常(chang)清晰，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局或(huo)者(zhe)某一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條(tiao)線路該(gai)不(bu)(bu)該(gai)建(jian)，大(da)體(ti)(ti)是(shi)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)點是(shi)別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)不(bu)(bu)如(ru)我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)這(zhe)些年(nian)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)得這(zhe)么(me)快，別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)羨(xian)慕得不(bu)(bu)得了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，我(wo)們(men)也(ye)很自豪。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)建(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)億千瓦，這(zhe)么(me)快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度，在別人看來是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個奇(qi)跡。

不(bu)干這個事(shi)的(de)人，可(ke)以坐而論(lun)道(dao)，當批(pi)評(ping)家(jia)。批(pi)評(ping)家(jia)非常容易當，因(yin)為既不(bu)用負(fu)責(ze)任(ren)也不(bu)用實際操(cao)作，但是當實際操(cao)作的(de)時候(hou)，碰到的(de)復雜問題比(bi)紙(zhi)上談(tan)兵難得多。

電(dian)(dian)力(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)或(huo)者其(qi)他體制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)是(shi)(shi)個(ge)漸進的(de)(de)(de)過程，一(yi)(yi)開始肯定有(you)(you)不(bu)完善的(de)(de)(de)地方，還有(you)(you)需要(yao)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)地方，有(you)(you)批評的(de)(de)(de)意見有(you)(you)利于不(bu)斷深化改(gai)革(ge)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，衡量一(yi)(yi)個(ge)改(gai)革(ge)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)正確成功的(de)(de)(de)標準應看(kan)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)有(you)(you)利于生產(chan)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)發展。電(dian)(dian)力(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)十(shi)年(nian)是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力(li)事業發展最(zui)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)年(nian)，也(ye)創造(zao)了世(shi)界電(dian)(dian)力(li)發展史上最(zui)快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)發展速度。如果(guo)沒有(you)(you)競(jing)爭(zheng)機制(zhi)，如果(guo)沒有(you)(you)發動多(duo)家(jia)辦(ban)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性是(shi)(shi)做不(bu)到的(de)(de)(de)，這是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)主流。電(dian)(dian)力(li)體制(zhi)改(gai)革(ge)為整個(ge)國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)經濟騰飛作了重(zhong)大的(de)(de)(de)貢獻。

4.摸準了先走一步

有(you)一種觀點認為，電(dian)力體(ti)制改革沒(mei)有(you)達到國發〔2002〕5號文(wen)(wen)件(jian)要求的市場化(hua)目標(biao)，原因是(shi)國辦(ban)發〔2007〕19號文(wen)(wen)和(he)5號文(wen)(wen)都(dou)沒(mei)有(you)寫出電(dian)改的時間(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)進度(du)表(biao)。給出一個時間(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)好(hao)還是(shi)不給時間(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)好(hao)?能(neng)不能(neng)給出時間(jian)(jian)(jian)表(biao)?改革的總體(ti)指導思想是(shi)“摸著(zhu)石頭過河”，先完成(cheng)一步(bu)，在(zai)這(zhe)個基礎(chu)上(shang)，在(zai)時機成(cheng)熟的時候再邁出第二步(bu)。

回想(xiang)改(gai)革開放30多年來走過(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)路，舉個(ge)(ge)例(li)子，當時(shi)人民(min)銀行的(de)貸款貸多少錢還由(you)國家計委(wei)來分配，在(zai)當時(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)很(hen)合(he)理的(de)，這樣不(bu)亂，民(min)航都(dou)歸軍隊(dui)管(guan)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)今天來看可能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)(ge)笑(xiao)話(hua)。但這是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)(ge)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程，不(bu)可能(neng)非常理想(xiang)化。不(bu)顧歷史發展階(jie)段，全(quan)盤模仿照(zhao)搬西方國家的(de)做法，不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)走有中(zhong)國特色的(de)社會(hui)主義道路，改(gai)革可能(neng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)失(shi)敗(bai)的(de)。俄羅斯的(de)休克療法，全(quan)盤私有化都(dou)不(bu)成功，輸配分開也走了(le)回頭路。改(gai)革是(shi)(shi)(shi)一個(ge)(ge)漸(jian)進的(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程，是(shi)(shi)(shi)大家認識逐漸(jian)深化的(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程。鐵(tie)路改(gai)革一放就是(shi)(shi)(shi)十年，還是(shi)(shi)(shi)電力體制改(gai)革邁出了(le)步子好。

為(wei)(wei)了(le)支付主輔分離的(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)成本，方案中還(huan)設計了(le)647萬(wan)千瓦(wa)和920萬(wan)千瓦(wa)的(de)兩筆資產(chan)，這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)(xie)資產(chan)的(de)處置后來(lai)也引發過爭議。電(dian)力部門過去是一個(ge)(ge)完整(zheng)的(de)系(xi)統，不光(guang)是發電(dian)，還(huan)有輸配電(dian)，還(huan)有施工企(qi)業。施工企(qi)業又分了(le)兩大類，一類是電(dian)站的(de)施工企(qi)業，一類是電(dian)網的(de)施工企(qi)業，幾乎每個(ge)(ge)省(sheng)都(dou)有這(zhe)樣一個(ge)(ge)公(gong)司(si)。這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)(xie)公(gong)司(si)都(dou)屬(shu)于老電(dian)力公(gong)司(si)管，這(zhe)部分改(gai)(gai)革(ge)后歸(gui)誰?當(dang)時電(dian)力體制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)意見(jian)是明確的(de)，在(zai)適當(dang)的(de)時期要把它剝離出來(lai)，叫作(zuo)主輔分離。改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)思路有幾種方案，把輔業下放到各個(ge)(ge)省(sheng)，但這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)(xie)輔業企(qi)業不干(gan)。為(wei)(wei)什么他們(men)不干(gan)?

因為他們(men)長期是以“中(zhong)(zhong)央軍”的身(shen)份(fen)出現(xian)，現(xian)在要(yao)下放到地方，怕吃虧(kui)，怕被歧視(shi)，架子身(shen)段(duan)放不(bu)下來。我們(men)不(bu)希(xi)望在改革中(zhong)(zhong)產生(sheng)過多的社會矛盾。如水(shui)電建設(she)企業，當時效益并(bing)不(bu)好，離退休職工非常多。

我們改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)有一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)經驗就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)“摸著石頭過河(he)”，看準(zhun)了(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)(jiu)改(gai)(gai)，不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)次都(dou)(dou)到(dao)位，如果想(xiang)一(yi)(yi)次都(dou)(dou)到(dao)位，可(ke)能(neng)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)擔就(jiu)(jiu)比較大。如果只做(zuo)政企分(fen)開(kai)(kai)、廠網分(fen)開(kai)(kai)，雖然老電(dian)力(li)(li)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人有意見，但是(shi)(shi)還不(bu)(bu)會波(bo)(bo)及到(dao)下面去(qu)。如果再(zai)(zai)把(ba)(ba)(ba)輸(shu)配(pei)也(ye)(ye)分(fen)開(kai)(kai)，把(ba)(ba)(ba)主(zhu)輔也(ye)(ye)分(fen)開(kai)(kai)，波(bo)(bo)及的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人就(jiu)(jiu)更廣(guang)了(le)(le)。比如說把(ba)(ba)(ba)各(ge)個(ge)(ge)(ge)地(di)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)局劃給各(ge)個(ge)(ge)(ge)地(di)方(fang)(fang)政府(fu)管(guan)，或者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)施工企業(ye)劃給地(di)方(fang)(fang)政府(fu)去(qu)管(guan)，由于離退(tui)休(xiu)職工這個(ge)(ge)(ge)包袱非常重，地(di)方(fang)(fang)政府(fu)愿意不(bu)(bu)愿意接都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。這些問(wen)(wen)題(ti)都(dou)(dou)搞清楚再(zai)(zai)去(qu)改(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話，估計兩三(san)年(nian)也(ye)(ye)改(gai)(gai)不(bu)(bu)動。走一(yi)(yi)步(bu)總比不(bu)(bu)走要(yao)(yao)強，所(suo)以(yi)當時(shi)就(jiu)(jiu)先(xian)完成一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)階段(duan)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務，這個(ge)(ge)(ge)階段(duan)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任(ren)務就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)政企分(fen)開(kai)(kai)、廠網分(fen)開(kai)(kai)。第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)階段(duan)性任(ren)務基(ji)本上達到(dao)了(le)(le)，把(ba)(ba)(ba)可(ke)能(neng)會引發(fa)更多反彈的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)留到(dao)以(yi)后適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)機再(zai)(zai)去(qu)改(gai)(gai)。如果什(shen)么都(dou)(dou)想(xiang)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)到(dao)位，可(ke)能(neng)三(san)年(nian)五年(nian)都(dou)(dou)改(gai)(gai)不(bu)(bu)動。三(san)年(nian)五年(nian)后情況一(yi)(yi)變說不(bu)(bu)定不(bu)(bu)改(gai)(gai)都(dou)(dou)有可(ke)能(neng)，就(jiu)(jiu)像鐵(tie)路(lu)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)一(yi)(yi)樣。現在有一(yi)(yi)些人在批評電(dian)力(li)(li)體制改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)，他們應該從當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史背(bei)景看這個(ge)(ge)(ge)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)，那就(jiu)(jiu)比較好理(li)解了(le)(le)。電(dian)力(li)(li)體制改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)邁出了(le)(le)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)，即使放到(dao)國際上比較也(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)重大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)成就(jiu)(jiu)。

5.“主輔(fu)分(fen)離為什么會滯(zhi)后”

有觀點(dian)認為(wei)(wei)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)在(zai)分離(li)輔業(ye)(ye)方面滯后(hou)。但這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能怪電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)。有人說電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)不(bu)(bu)(bu)愿(yuan)意分離(li)。其實(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)是(shi)(shi)愿(yuan)意分離(li)的(de)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)施(shi)工企(qi)業(ye)(ye)參差(cha)不(bu)(bu)(bu)齊(qi)，有一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)還(huan)(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)錯，有一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)就很糟糕，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)怕長期捂在(zai)自(zi)己(ji)手里面，包括已(yi)經離(li)退(tui)休的(de)勞保問(wen)題怎(zen)么(me)解(jie)決(jue)?誰來照顧他(ta)(ta)們(men)?電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)承接(jie)了(le)(le)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部的(de)老干部工作(zuo)。按道理，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力公司(si)分家了(le)(le)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)應該(gai)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)一(yi)(yi)(yi)家來承擔。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)現在(zai)已(yi)經是(shi)(shi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)了(le)(le)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)政府，憑什么(me)還(huan)(huan)要承接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部的(de)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)類工作(zuo)?但是(shi)(shi)現實(shi)情況就是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司(si)找過(guo)政府多次，希望盡快地把輔業(ye)(ye)剝離(li)出(chu)去。為(wei)(wei)什么(me)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力體制改(gai)(gai)革(ge)以后(hou)若(ruo)干年都沒有完成(cheng)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)任(ren)(ren)務?5號文件(jian)下(xia)了(le)(le)以后(hou)，主要的(de)任(ren)(ren)務目標達到了(le)(le)，實(shi)現了(le)(le)政企(qi)分開和廠網(wang)分開，大(da)(da)的(de)格局(ju)已(yi)經形成(cheng)了(le)(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)時機構(gou)也發生了(le)(le)很大(da)(da)變化。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)成(cheng)立后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力體制改(gai)(gai)革(ge)領導小(xiao)組交給了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)，但是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)一(yi)(yi)(yi)家來挑起(qi)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的(de)任(ren)(ren)務確實(shi)很困難，它是(shi)(shi)國務院直屬的(de)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)位(wei)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)單(dan)位(wei)去做(zuo)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)么(me)大(da)(da)的(de)動作(zuo)，去進行主輔分開，或者(zhe)是(shi)(shi)其他(ta)(ta)的(de)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)，沒有政府部門強(qiang)有力的(de)支(zhi)持，確實(shi)很為(wei)(wei)難。有幾個(ge)部門繞不(bu)(bu)(bu)過(guo)去，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)(shi)國家發改(gai)(gai)委，一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)(shi)國資(zi)委，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會(hui)既沒有干部任(ren)(ren)免權也沒有資(zi)產(chan)劃(hua)撥(bo)權，怎(zen)么(me)改(gai)(gai)?

所(suo)以后來(lai)(lai)就(jiu)出(chu)現這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)個結構，組長是(shi)(shi)國家(jia)發改(gai)(gai)委(wei)主(zhu)任來(lai)(lai)當(dang)，而(er)辦(ban)(ban)公(gong)(gong)(gong)室放(fang)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)監(jian)會，有(you)什么事還得到(dao)國家(jia)發改(gai)(gai)委(wei)來(lai)(lai)開(kai)會，很難(nan)有(you)效開(kai)展工作。主(zhu)輔分(fen)開(kai)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司是(shi)(shi)愿(yuan)意的(de)(de)，但是(shi)(shi)分(fen)開(kai)以后交(jiao)給(gei)誰，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個麻煩了(le)。一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)意見是(shi)(shi)施(shi)工企(qi)業下(xia)放(fang)到(dao)各個地(di)方自(zi)己(ji)找飯(fan)(fan)吃，相當(dang)于現在(zai)(zai)建筑公(gong)(gong)(gong)司一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)市(shi)(shi)場化改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)想(xiang)法(fa)，但是(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個方案的(de)(de)阻力最(zui)(zui)大。另一(yi)(yi)個簡單的(de)(de)操作辦(ban)(ban)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)把所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)輔業、施(shi)工企(qi)業再(zai)成立一(yi)(yi)個公(gong)(gong)(gong)司。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個過程(cheng)中，又發生了(le)兩件(jian)事情，一(yi)(yi)個是(shi)(shi)2008年的(de)(de)雨雪冰(bing)凍災(zai)(zai)害，還有(you)一(yi)(yi)次是(shi)(shi)汶(wen)川大地(di)震。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩次救災(zai)(zai)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)施(shi)工企(qi)業發揮了(le)巨大作用，如(ru)果沒有(you)施(shi)工企(qi)業統一(yi)(yi)調動，后果不(bu)(bu)堪設想(xiang)。四川汶(wen)川地(di)震最(zui)(zui)嚴(yan)重(zhong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)災(zai)(zai)區，一(yi)(yi)個是(shi)(shi)汶(wen)川，一(yi)(yi)個是(shi)(shi)茂(mao)縣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)全部垮塌以后，才(cai)知道這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個網(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司的(de)(de)，也不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)地(di)方的(de)(de)，而(er)是(shi)(shi)私人(ren)的(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)希望集團的(de)(de)，搶(qiang)險(xian)時還得要求電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司上。后來(lai)(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司根據這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩次救災(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)實踐提出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)施(shi)工隊伍還留在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)司，而(er)不(bu)(bu)要分(fen)出(chu)去。現在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個剝離方法(fa)簡便易(yi)行，也滿足(zu)了(le)施(shi)工企(qi)業不(bu)(bu)愿(yuan)下(xia)放(fang)到(dao)地(di)方，或者完全獨立走市(shi)(shi)場化道路的(de)(de)需要，主(zhu)輔終(zhong)于分(fen)離了(le)，滿足(zu)了(le)輿論的(de)(de)需要。如(ru)果走市(shi)(shi)場化，就(jiu)應該(gai)讓它自(zi)己(ji)獨立，讓它自(zi)己(ji)找飯(fan)(fan)吃。

6.關于競價上網

實現(xian)競(jing)價(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體制改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)希望(wang)最終能做(zuo)到的目標。其實在(zai)2002年(nian)(nian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體制改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)之(zhi)前的1999—2001年(nian)(nian)，受1998年(nian)(nian)亞洲金(jin)融(rong)危機(ji)的影響，我國(guo)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)需求下降，一(yi)度(du)(du)有過供大于求的情況。后來成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)嚴重缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)省的浙江當時也(ye)一(yi)度(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應寬松，所(suo)以率先嘗試了(le)競(jing)價(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)。他(ta)們引進了(le)國(guo)外的競(jing)價(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)的報價(jia)軟件(jian)，結(jie)合(he)浙江省的情況進行了(le)修(xiu)改(gai)(gai)，通(tong)過計算機(ji)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)比對(dui)，擇(ze)優(you)調度(du)(du)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的其他(ta)單位參(can)觀了(le)浙江的做(zuo)法，試圖推廣。但亞洲金(jin)融(rong)危機(ji)的影響很(hen)快過去了(le)，2002年(nian)(nian)起(qi)全國(guo)大部分地方又變得缺電(dian)(dian)(dian)了(le)，浙江省尤為(wei)(wei)嚴重，競(jing)價(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)已(yi)難繼續下去，自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)消亡了(le)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體制改(gai)(gai)革(ge)(ge)之(zhi)后，有的同志(zhi)仍想推動(dong)(dong)此事(shi)，于是(shi)(shi)新成(cheng)立的電(dian)(dian)(dian)監會把電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供應相對(dui)寬松的東北電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)試點，推行競(jing)價(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)，但實施不(bu)(bu)(bu)久，包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)公司(si)和(he)幾大電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)的同志(zhi)紛紛反映問題，認為(wei)(wei)競(jing)價(jia)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)(wang)時機(ji)還不(bu)(bu)(bu)成(cheng)熟，條件(jian)還不(bu)(bu)(bu)具備，企業虧損，要求停(ting)止試點。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久，這(zhe)項試點也(ye)告終止。

總結我們嘗試(shi)競(jing)價上網的(de)實踐，這是(shi)需(xu)要一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)條(tiao)件的(de)，電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)(ying)相對寬(kuan)松是(shi)首先必須的(de)，還需(xu)要定(ding)價制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)等的(de)配套改(gai)革。前(qian)幾(ji)年(nian)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)(ying)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直偏緊，通脹的(de)威脅領(ling)導十分重(zhong)視，煤電(dian)(dian)矛(mao)盾突出(chu)，盡快解決電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)供應(ying)(ying)緊張成(cheng)了(le)主要矛(mao)盾，競(jing)價上網一(yi)(yi)(yi)直難以實施。現(xian)在(zai)社會上對電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革的(de)意(yi)見有相當部分集(ji)中在(zai)價格改(gai)革上，把電(dian)(dian)價改(gai)革看(kan)作(zuo)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)體制(zhi)(zhi)改(gai)革的(de)重(zhong)要內(nei)容。其(qi)實，在(zai)現(xian)在(zai)的(de)體制(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)這應(ying)(ying)屬于價格改(gai)革的(de)范疇，這需(xu)要在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)繼(ji)續探索。

電(dian)力(li)(li)體制(zhi)改革(ge)是(shi)一(yi)種漸進的(de)(de)(de)過程。輸配(pei)(pei)(pei)是(shi)否(fou)應該分(fen)離(li)(li)?輸配(pei)(pei)(pei)分(fen)離(li)(li)要和(he)(he)整個社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)進步、社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)能(neng)(neng)夠承受的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)相(xiang)匹配(pei)(pei)(pei)，還(huan)要和(he)(he)其他的(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)相(xiang)匹配(pei)(pei)(pei)，比如說價格體系改革(ge)。價格體系不(bu)到位，輸配(pei)(pei)(pei)怎么分(fen)開?社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)上還(huan)有(you)人(ren)建議應制(zhi)定能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)法(fa)(fa)，使能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)管(guan)理體制(zhi)改革(ge)有(you)法(fa)(fa)可(ke)依。能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局2007年發了一(yi)個征求意見稿，但至今一(yi)直(zhi)推不(bu)下去。因(yin)為(wei)它涉及方(fang)方(fang)面(mian)面(mian)。究竟難(nan)在哪里(li)?各部(bu)門都(dou)想(xiang)(xiang)把自(zi)己部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些權(quan)(quan)力(li)(li)、一(yi)些訴求放在法(fa)(fa)律里(li)，想(xiang)(xiang)把三(san)定方(fang)案沒有(you)解決的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)通(tong)過法(fa)(fa)律來解決。但是(shi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)用法(fa)(fa)律解決三(san)定方(fang)案沒有(you)解決的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，電(dian)監(jian)會(hui)(hui)(hui)和(he)(he)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局的(de)(de)(de)關系沒有(you)扯清楚，電(dian)監(jian)會(hui)(hui)(hui)希望(wang)在電(dian)力(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)中明確電(dian)監(jian)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)位、職權(quan)(quan)，這樣的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)靠電(dian)力(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)能(neng)(neng)扯清楚嗎?這就為(wei)修改或制(zhi)定法(fa)(fa)律增加了難(nan)度。電(dian)監(jian)會(hui)(hui)(hui)現在又(you)取消了。沒有(you)把電(dian)監(jian)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律地(di)位放在法(fa)(fa)律里(li)是(shi)對的(de)(de)(de)。

7.“改革要和生產力(li)發展水平(ping)相適應”

有些(xie)人認(ren)為，我國(guo)電力(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革啟動后(hou)，并未(wei)建立競價上網的(de)(de)市場機制(zhi)，市場化改(gai)(gai)革仍(reng)停(ting)在路上，目前(qian)電力(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)非計劃非市場，最(zui)為糟糕。但事實(shi)是(shi)在總的(de)(de)改(gai)(gai)革開(kai)放大局下，電力(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)(gai)革邁出(chu)了歷史性(xing)的(de)(de)步(bu)伐，開(kai)創了很(hen)好(hao)的(de)(de)局面。任(ren)何一(yi)個(ge)改(gai)(gai)革都是(shi)隨(sui)著歷史的(de)(de)變遷在不(bu)斷地進行(xing)調整完善的(de)(de)，不(bu)能拿(na)后(hou)來的(de)(de)認(ren)識簡單來衡量改(gai)(gai)革漸進過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)一(yi)些(xie)做法的(de)(de)對還(huan)是(shi)不(bu)對。目前(qian)改(gai)(gai)革的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)充滿著艱(jian)險和不(bu)同(tong)意見。

“摸(mo)著石(shi)頭過河”，不爭(zheng)論，這是鄧小(xiao)平同(tong)志給我們留下的很大的精神遺(yi)產。當年因為有(you)人對搞(gao)(gao)不搞(gao)(gao)特區有(you)不同(tong)意見(jian)，為了化(hua)解這個(ge)矛盾，有(you)人向鄧小(xiao)平同(tong)志建議，是不是派個(ge)調查組到深圳再去搞(gao)(gao)一(yi)次調查?

鄧小(xiao)平同(tong)志說，時間寶貴，不(bu)搞爭論(lun)。如(ru)果(guo)我(wo)們不(bu)斷地爭論(lun)，恐(kong)怕連深圳(zhen)特區都搞不(bu)起來。我(wo)們現(xian)在(zai)不(bu)要忘記他這句話。電力(li)體制改(gai)革(ge)能(neng)(neng)走到今天這個局面是非(fei)常不(bu)容易(yi)的，接著往下走，不(bu)能(neng)(neng)憑空設想(xiang)，應該立足現(xian)實(shi)。

8.我國能源(yuan)體制改(gai)革的方向(xiang)

社會上對(dui)電(dian)(dian)力乃(nai)至整個能源體制的(de)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)十分關(guan)(guan)注，有(you)很(hen)(hen)大的(de)期許，但毋(wu)庸諱(hui)言，關(guan)(guan)于改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)方向(xiang)和(he)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)內(nei)容也有(you)很(hen)(hen)多爭(zheng)議。例如：電(dian)(dian)力體制改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)，有(you)人認為應(ying)將電(dian)(dian)網(wang)進(jin)一(yi)步拆分，應(ying)該進(jin)行(xing)輸(shu)配分開(kai)。對(dui)電(dian)(dian)價、油價、氣價形(xing)成機制應(ying)進(jin)一(yi)步進(jin)行(xing)市(shi)場化改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)。但如何進(jin)行(xing)市(shi)場化改(gai)革(ge)(ge)(ge)也缺乏(fa)具(ju)體的(de)操作內(nei)容，多數(shu)停留(liu)在口(kou)號式(shi)的(de)議論上。對(dui)原油、天然氣進(jin)口(kou)權(quan)是(shi)否應(ying)該放開(kai)等等都是(shi)社會熱議的(de)話(hua)題。

什么是大家心目中最理(li)想的能(neng)源體制模式實際(ji)上是不清晰的。

二、經驗啟示

總結和回(hui)顧電力體(ti)制改革的過程，有一些(xie)啟示性的經驗。

第一，世界(jie)(jie)上沒有統一的(de)(de)電力(li)(li)或能源體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)模(mo)式，采用(yong)什(shen)么體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)要根據(ju)各國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)情(qing)(qing)、發(fa)展(zhan)階段而選擇，并且在發(fa)展(zhan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)逐(zhu)步調整完善。西(xi)方(fang)資本(ben)主義國(guo)(guo)家采用(yong)的(de)(de)電力(li)(li)或能源體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)也是五(wu)花八(ba)門(men)、各不(bu)相(xiang)同。例如：法國(guo)(guo)電力(li)(li)至今仍是國(guo)(guo)有獨家經(jing)營的(de)(de)模(mo)式，美(mei)(mei)、英(ying)、日、德采用(yong)的(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)也各不(bu)相(xiang)同。美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)在美(mei)(mei)洲大開發(fa)后逐(zhu)步發(fa)展(zhan)起來的(de)(de)電力(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)推崇自由(you)化的(de)(de)模(mo)式，結(jie)果網絡不(bu)清晰，事故(gu)頻(pin)發(fa)，連他們(men)自己(ji)都承(cheng)認美(mei)(mei)國(guo)(guo)電力(li)(li)系統目前在世界(jie)(jie)上并不(bu)是最先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)。俄(e)羅(luo)斯的(de)(de)電力(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)正如前所述，普京總統親自開會(hui)部署，還在調整。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)能源管理體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)究(jiu)竟好不(bu)好，在世界(jie)(jie)上沒有參照國(guo)(guo)，還是要根據(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情(qing)(qing)和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)階段走中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)自己(ji)的(de)(de)道(dao)路。

第(di)二，別的(de)國(guo)(guo)家采用什么體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不是我(wo)(wo)們(men)衡量體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)改革(ge)正(zheng)確(que)與否(fou)(fou)的(de)標準;在電(dian)力體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)中“一張網(wang)”還是“幾(ji)張網(wang)”也不是電(dian)力體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革(ge)正(zheng)確(que)與否(fou)(fou)的(de)標準。衡量一個體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、一項改革(ge)正(zheng)確(que)與否(fou)(fou)的(de)標準是看(kan)該體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)改革(ge)是否(fou)(fou)有利(li)于生產力的(de)發展，是否(fou)(fou)與該國(guo)(guo)的(de)發展階段相適應，就(jiu)像(xiang)檢驗真理(li)的(de)唯一標準是實(shi)踐一樣。而我(wo)(wo)們(men)有些(xie)人習慣拿外國(guo)(guo)是怎么做的(de)來(lai)批評我(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，尤其喜歡拿發達資本(ben)主(zhu)義(yi)國(guo)(guo)家的(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為參照衡量我(wo)(wo)們(men)的(de)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。但是美(mei)債(zhai)、歐債(zhai)危機的(de)發生，美(mei)東(dong)大停電(dian)的(de)事實(shi)告訴我(wo)(wo)們(men)，資本(ben)主(zhu)義(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度并不是十全十美(mei)的(de)。

第三，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)體制改革十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來特別(bie)是近(jin)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來我(wo)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)和(he)技(ji)術進步空前。近(jin)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)新(xin)(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量是前55年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)和(he)。十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)新(xin)(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量超過7億(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，相當(dang)于(yu)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)英國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量。水(shui)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)新(xin)(xin)增(zeng)(zeng)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量是自1910年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)有(you)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)以來95年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量的(de)(de)總(zong)(zong)和(he)。2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)底水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量總(zong)(zong)和(he)達到2.3億(yi)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，居世(shi)(shi)界(jie)第一(yi)(yi)。新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)異(yi)軍突起，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)風(feng)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)前在(zai)(zai)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)還默默無聞(wen)，十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)容(rong)(rong)量達到6000萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)，崛(jue)起為世(shi)(shi)界(jie)第一(yi)(yi)風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)大國(guo)(guo)。十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)過去了，物(wu)價上(shang)漲(zhang)，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)成本不升反(fan)而(er)穩中(zhong)有(you)降。這(zhe)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)創(chuang)造了中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)史(shi)上(shang)前所未有(you)的(de)(de)速度，也(ye)是世(shi)(shi)界(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)史(shi)上(shang)前所未有(you)的(de)(de)速度，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)沒有(you)拖國(guo)(guo)民經濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)后腿(tui)，相反(fan)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度高(gao)于(yu)國(guo)(guo)民經濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)速度，保障(zhang)了我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)(ji)持續穩定快(kuai)速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，結束了長期困擾(rao)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)短缺的(de)(de)瓶頸制約。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)裝(zhuang)備也(ye)迅速趕上(shang)了世(shi)(shi)界(jie)先(xian)進水(shui)平(ping)(ping)。通過引進—消(xiao)化—吸收(shou)—再創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)創(chuang)造了多項(xiang)第一(yi)(yi)：第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)開發(fa)(fa)了百萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)風(feng)冷機(ji)(ji)(ji)組，第一(yi)(yi)個(ge)生(sheng)產(chan)60萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)循環流(liu)化床鍋爐，生(sheng)產(chan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)運(yun)行(xing)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級最高(gao)的(de)(de)±800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏直流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏交(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)程，生(sheng)產(chan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)運(yun)行(xing)33臺百萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)(wa)超超臨界(jie)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組，等(deng)等(deng)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)迅速崛(jue)起為世(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)最大的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源生(sheng)產(chan)國(guo)(guo)和(he)消(xiao)費國(guo)(guo)，13億(yi)人(ren)(ren)口的(de)(de)大國(guo)(guo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)均(jun)能(neng)(neng)耗上(shang)升到2.7噸標(biao)準(zhun)煤，略高(gao)于(yu)世(shi)(shi)界(jie)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)水(shui)平(ping)(ping)。

作為世界(jie)上最大(da)的(de)(de)能源(yuan)生產國(guo)(guo)(guo)卻沒有(you)(you)設能源(yuan)部，在世界(jie)各大(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)政府中(zhong)能源(yuan)管理機構(gou)最小。這(zhe)說明了(le)這(zhe)十年我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)電力(li)(li)和能源(yuan)生產力(li)(li)得到了(le)極大(da)的(de)(de)解放和發(fa)展，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)電力(li)(li)和能源(yuan)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)是適合(he)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)現(xian)有(you)(you)發(fa)展階段的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)，我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)比許(xu)多資本主義體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)更具優越(yue)性。不能罔顧事實把我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)電力(li)(li)和能源(yuan)體(ti)(ti)制(zhi)改(gai)革說得一塌糊涂!這(zhe)種唱衰我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)建設成(cheng)就和改(gai)革成(cheng)果(guo)的(de)(de)論調不符合(he)事實。

第(di)四，我(wo)國改革的(de)一條成(cheng)功經驗(yan)是“摸著(zhu)石頭過河”，看準了(le)的(de)、成(cheng)熟(shu)了(le)的(de)就(jiu)改，一時看不(bu)準、尚不(bu)成(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)緩(huan)一緩(huan)待時機成(cheng)熟(shu)了(le)再(zai)改。實踐(jian)證明我(wo)國的(de)改革方法要比蘇聯解體后采取的(de)休克(ke)療(liao)法和激進的(de)私有化(hua)都要成(cheng)功，也(ye)為世界所(suo)公認。

第五，改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)必須(xu)配套(tao)進(jin)行，電(dian)(dian)力和(he)能源(yuan)(yuan)體(ti)制的(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)必須(xu)和(he)價(jia)格、政府管理機(ji)構改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)、投融資體(ti)制改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)相適(shi)(shi)應，要(yao)和(he)法制建設的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)程相適(shi)(shi)應。除(chu)電(dian)(dian)力以外的(de)(de)(de)能源(yuan)(yuan)領(ling)域(yu)還包括油(you)(you)(you)氣、煤(mei)炭、新能源(yuan)(yuan)，電(dian)(dian)力體(ti)制改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)經驗同樣適(shi)(shi)合于(yu)這些領(ling)域(yu)。社會上批評油(you)(you)(you)氣壟斷在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)石油(you)(you)(you)、中(zhong)(zhong)石化少數(shu)央企(qi)手(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)，被戲(xi)稱為“兩桶油(you)(you)(you)”。對油(you)(you)(you)價(jia)形成機(ji)制和(he)原油(you)(you)(you)、天(tian)然氣的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)口(kou)權集中(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)兩家央企(qi)手(shou)中(zhong)(zhong)批評意見很多，要(yao)求改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)呼聲很高。在(zai)(zai)煤(mei)炭領(ling)域(yu)，計劃經濟時代延(yan)續(xu)下來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)煤(mei)炭訂貨會進(jin)行產(chan)需銜接的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)正在(zai)(zai)改變(bian)，煤(mei)電(dian)(dian)矛盾引發了對電(dian)(dian)價(jia)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)思考。新能源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)崛起和(he)挫折(zhe)將新的(de)(de)(de)改革(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)課題放(fang)在(zai)(zai)了我(wo)們面前。已(yi)經二十多年的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力法、煤(mei)炭法有不(bu)少內容(rong)已(yi)不(bu)適(shi)(shi)應變(bian)化了的(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制和(he)形勢，需要(yao)修訂。能源(yuan)(yuan)法至今(jin)尚在(zai)(zai)研(yan)究中(zhong)(zhong)。

改革的(de)根本目的(de)是(shi)為了促進生產(chan)(chan)力的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)在短(duan)時間(jian)內變成了世界上第一(yi)大能(neng)源(yuan)生產(chan)(chan)國(guo)(guo)和消費國(guo)(guo)，但我(wo)國(guo)(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)結(jie)構以煤為主(zhu)非常突(tu)出，煤發電占(zhan)了發電量(liang)(liang)的(de)78%，核電只占(zhan)1.97%，風電、太陽能(neng)雖然發展(zhan)(zhan)迅速，但只占(zhan)發電量(liang)(liang)的(de)2%。

近年來愈(yu)(yu)演愈(yu)(yu)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)霧霾(mai)引起了社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)關注，警示我(wo)(wo)們(men)應(ying)(ying)(ying)加快產業結構和發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)模(mo)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)整，加快能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)整。經過(guo)這(zhe)幾年的(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)為代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)可再生能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)已超(chao)過(guo)20%，今后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)潛力依然很大(da)(da)。應(ying)(ying)(ying)該進(jin)一步增加核電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比重，世界上核發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)約占全部發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)15%，而我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)目前不到2%，這(zhe)是(shi)造成煤在能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)中比例(li)一直(zhi)居高(gao)不下的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個原因。應(ying)(ying)(ying)該加快完(wan)善電(dian)(dian)網(wang)結構，使新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)能(neng)(neng)在更大(da)(da)范圍內消納，改(gai)變棄(qi)風(feng)棄(qi)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況(kuang)。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)結構改(gai)革(ge)(ge)沒有(you)終點(dian)，是(shi)與時俱進(jin)不斷完(wan)善、與社會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)相適應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。我(wo)(wo)們(men)需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)和發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)弄潮兒，不是(shi)在改(gai)革(ge)(ge)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)大(da)(da)潮旁指手畫腳(jiao)、紙(zhi)上談兵的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀潮派。實(shi)干(gan)興邦(bang)，空談誤國(guo)(guo)。我(wo)(wo)們(men)要理直(zhi)氣壯(zhuang)地走中國(guo)(guo)特色社會主(zhu)義道路(lu)，面(mian)對別的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)制(zhi)我(wo)(wo)們(men)應(ying)(ying)(ying)吸取適合(he)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)情的(de)(de)(de)(de)部分，但不必妄自菲薄，處(chu)處(chu)照搬外國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)。