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　　一、確(que)保采購產品質(zhi)量

　　熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)的(de)品質(zhi)決(jue)定著儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統能(neng)(neng)(neng)否安全運行(xing)，是(shi)整(zheng)個儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)系統的(de)核心。首批示范項目(mu)是(shi)國家重點支持的(de)光熱(re)項目(mu)，項目(mu)一定要確保(bao)質(zhi)量(liang)第一，因此項目(mu)所使用的(de)材(cai)料必須嚴格把(ba)控質(zhi)量(liang)，在采購(gou)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)時(shi)應(ying)當(dang)考慮熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)供應(ying)商的(de)實力，其生(sheng)產能(neng)(neng)(neng)力能(neng)(neng)(neng)否滿足供貨要求，產品品質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)否達到光熱(re)應(ying)用要求。

　　對此，新疆(jiang)硝石辛玲(ling)提(ti)出了4個(ge)參考點：1）企(qi)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)規模，經營狀況，資金(jin)保障(zhang)能力(li)，是否專業(ye)(ye)；2）企(qi)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)品和生產(chan)的穩定性(xing)，安全性(xing)及(ji)環保特性(xing)；3）企(qi)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)品是否符合(he)熔鹽技(ji)術指標(biao)；4）企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的項目供貨經驗(yan)、應用(yong)案例等。

　　二、保障安全性

　　2016年(nian)10月和2017年(nian)初，國際上(shang)投入商業化運行的(de)(de)兩個塔式熔(rong)鹽(yan)電站新月沙丘(qiu)與Gemasolar電站相(xiang)繼曝出熔(rong)鹽(yan)泄(xie)露事故，除了修復(fu)費(fei)用帶來的(de)(de)經濟損(sun)失(shi)外，因(yin)事故導致的(de)(de)電站停運而帶來的(de)(de)售電收入損(sun)失(shi)更是巨大，給整個光熱發電行業敲響(xiang)了警鐘。因(yin)此，熔(rong)鹽(yan)的(de)(de)安全管理(li)至關(guan)重要，絕不可輕視。

　　對此(ci)，愛能(neng)森曾智勇建(jian)議業主方(fang)應憑相(xiang)關(guan)的(de)(de)許(xu)(xu)可證(zheng)(zheng)件(jian)或者證(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)文件(jian)向具有(you)危險(xian)(xian)化(hua)(hua)學品(pin)資質（具有(you)危險(xian)(xian)化(hua)(hua)學品(pin)安(an)(an)全生產許(xu)(xu)可證(zheng)(zheng)/危險(xian)(xian)化(hua)(hua)學品(pin)經營許(xu)(xu)可證(zheng)(zheng)）的(de)(de)供應商(shang)購買熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)相(xiang)關(guan)產品(pin)。同時，熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)不可儲(chu)存(cun)于(yu)(yu)露天環境，應儲(chu)存(cun)于(yu)(yu)符(fu)合(he)GB50016‐2014建(jian)筑設計防火規范中規定的(de)(de)甲(jia)(jia)類倉(cang)庫(ku)要(yao)求，每(mei)個(ge)倉(cang)庫(ku)的(de)(de)最(zui)大允許(xu)(xu)占地面積為750平(ping)方(fang)米。對于(yu)(yu)業主方(fang)而言，要(yao)滿(man)足3萬噸熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)儲(chu)存(cun)，至少(shao)(shao)需要(yao)12個(ge)750平(ping)方(fang)米的(de)(de)甲(jia)(jia)類倉(cang)庫(ku)。業主方(fang)可預(yu)先將(jiang)熔(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)儲(chu)存(cun)于(yu)(yu)離電(dian)站距離較近(jin)的(de)(de)供應商(shang)處或者另外租賃甲(jia)(jia)類倉(cang)庫(ku)，可減少(shao)(shao)一(yi)次性固定投(tou)資，減少(shao)(shao)儲(chu)存(cun)過程中的(de)(de)安(an)(an)全風險(xian)(xian)，確保電(dian)站安(an)(an)全投(tou)產。

　　三(san)、控(kong)制(zhi)采購成本(ben)

　　熔(rong)鹽價格在一定程度(du)上(shang)可反(fan)映產(chan)品質(zhi)量，然而(er)(er)熔(rong)鹽市場價格波動主要還是受需求(qiu)(qiu)量的(de)(de)變化而(er)(er)變化，環(huan)保要求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)日益(yi)嚴格將會導致(zhi)環(huan)保方面的(de)(de)投資增加(jia)，從而(er)(er)增加(jia)生產(chan)成(cheng)本。因(yin)此，金利達鉀(jia)業(ye)田野認為，成(cheng)本控制需要通(tong)過采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)單位提(ti)(ti)出(chu)更準(zhun)確的(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)標(biao)準(zhun)來控制熔(rong)鹽采(cai)(cai)(cai)購(gou)成(cheng)本，不同標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)熔(rong)鹽產(chan)品價格相差較大，熔(rong)鹽企業(ye)可提(ti)(ti)供(gong)多種質(zhi)量標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)熔(rong)鹽供(gong)客(ke)戶選(xuan)擇。

　　百吉瑞(rui)劉斌建議直接采購混合熔鹽(yan)，或(huo)者(zhe)尋求第(di)三(san)方專業(ye)熔鹽(yan)服務企業(ye)提供兩種熔鹽(yan)、混配(pei)、熔化、罐體預熱以(yi)及熔鹽(yan)全部使用周(zhou)期內的質量保(bao)證。

　　四(si)、合理(li)安排(pai)采購(gou)時間

　　“因為儲(chu)熱熔(rong)(rong)鹽僅是(shi)硝酸鉀和硝酸鈉作(zuo)為工業原料(liao)使用的(de)(de)領(ling)域之一(yi)，并非所有(you)的(de)(de)產能都集(ji)中在光(guang)熱發(fa)電(dian)領(ling)域，例如煙花、光(guang)玻強化(hua)等領(ling)域同樣有(you)極大的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)量(liang)，光(guang)熱儲(chu)能熔(rong)(rong)鹽采購一(yi)般需(xu)求(qiu)量(liang)大，要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)供(gong)貨周期(qi)短且(qie)利(li)潤較低。在采購集(ji)中爆發(fa)期(qi)，可(ke)能會出現供(gong)應不足的(de)(de)情況，需(xu)要(yao)各采購單位提前(qian)溝通(tong)、訂(ding)貨。”金(jin)利(li)達鉀業田野認(ren)為首批示范項目(mu)需(xu)提前(qian)采購，以保證項目(mu)的(de)(de)順(shun)利(li)推進。

　　槽、塔項目的運行溫度差異對熔鹽產品的要求有何不同？

　　目前塔(ta)(ta)式光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)熔(rong)鹽的(de)工作溫度(du)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)550℃以(yi)上，而槽式光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)般(ban)不超過400℃，受(shou)訪企業普(pu)遍認為(wei)雖(sui)然塔(ta)(ta)式電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)更高(gao)的(de)運(yun)行溫度(du)會(hui)導致(zhi)熔(rong)鹽揮(hui)發量高(gao)于槽式電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，但光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中熔(rong)鹽使用(yong)壽命基本(ben)與電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)同步，一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)25年(nian)(nian)至30年(nian)(nian)左右(you)，運(yun)行過程中會(hui)損耗(hao)部(bu)分熔(rong)鹽，需定(ding)時補充(chong)。超過使用(yong)壽命的(de)熔(rong)鹽可由熔(rong)鹽生(sheng)產企業經(jing)冷(leng)卻凝(ning)固后作為(wei)化工原料再次提純(chun)使用(yong)。

　　然而運行溫度的(de)差異是否會對熔鹽的(de)性能產生(sheng)影響？這(zhe)種差異的(de)存在對熔鹽產品的(de)具(ju)體(ti)要求又有何(he)不同？部分受訪企(qi)業根據自身經驗，提出了各自的(de)看(kan)法(fa)。

　　百(bai)吉瑞劉斌介紹道(dao)，首先，由(you)于(yu)(yu)熔(rong)鹽中(zhong)許多(duo)氣體雜質(zhi)(zhi)只有(you)在500℃以(yi)上才會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)，因(yin)此在雜質(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)上，槽(cao)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)熔(rong)鹽使(shi)用(yong)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)更(geng)低(di)，比如堿金屬Mg離子，400℃以(yi)下不會(hui)產生沉積，不需要(yao)特(te)別考慮，而在塔(ta)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)上就必須限制Mg離子含量；再次，除了(le)溫度，還與使(shi)用(yong)的(de)方式(shi)(shi)有(you)關，比如鑫能(neng)項目是二次反射(she)塔(ta)式(shi)(shi)系統，集熱(re)器置于(yu)(yu)地面，太陽光直接照射(she)熔(rong)鹽完(wan)成吸熱(re)，這樣使(shi)用(yong)的(de)熔(rong)鹽，對其指標又有(you)完(wan)全不同的(de)新要(yao)求(qiu)。

　　金利達鉀業(ye)田野則建(jian)議，塔式電(dian)站運行溫度相(xiang)對較(jiao)高(gao)，可選擇沸(fei)點(dian)較(jiao)高(gao)的熔(rong)鹽作為主要的選型方案之一，而槽(cao)式電(dian)站運行溫度相(xiang)對較(jiao)低，更適合使用低熔(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)鹽產(chan)品。

　　“對(dui)(dui)于塔式光熱(re)電站(zhan)來講，熔(rong)鹽(yan)的運行溫度相對(dui)(dui)槽(cao)式更高，所以塔式光熱(re)電站(zhan)對(dui)(dui)于熔(rong)鹽(yan)的熱(re)穩(wen)定性(xing)、上限使用溫度、保(bao)溫措施、設備材質、應對(dui)(dui)腐蝕及(ji)應力的要求(qiu)相對(dui)(dui)更高。電站(zhan)方在采(cai)購(gou)熔(rong)鹽(yan)產品(pin)時，對(dui)(dui)產品(pin)品(pin)質應嚴格(ge)把關，確保(bao)滿(man)足(zu)電站(zhan)需求(qiu)。”愛能森曾(ceng)智勇如是表示。

　　低熔點熔鹽將成發展趨勢？

　　目前光(guang)熱電(dian)站中(zhong)(zhong)二元鹽(yan)應用較(jiao)多(duo)，也(ye)更(geng)為(wei)成(cheng)熟(shu)，但其凝(ning)固點較(jiao)高、引起系(xi)統凍堵風(feng)險較(jiao)大的(de)特性對光(guang)熱系(xi)統的(de)保溫(wen)和精細化控制都提出了較(jiao)高的(de)要求，許(xu)多(duo)企業和研究(jiu)機構都在研究(jiu)一些可(ke)能更(geng)適合光(guang)熱發電(dian)系(xi)統的(de)熔(rong)鹽(yan)產品(pin)，其中(zhong)(zhong)低熔(rong)點熔(rong)鹽(yan)逐漸成(cheng)為(wei)熱點。

　　金利達鉀業田(tian)野(ye)認為，目前主(zhu)流的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)鹽產品研(yan)究(jiu)方向(xiang)在(zai)于(yu)擴大儲(chu)熱空(kong)(kong)間(jian)或增(zeng)加沸(fei)點(dian)和凝固點(dian)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)差,但是(shi)(shi)部分低(di)溫熔(rong)(rong)鹽在(zai)降低(di)熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，沸(fei)點(dian)也在(zai)降低(di)，儲(chu)熱空(kong)(kong)間(jian)維持在(zai)300-400攝氏(shi)度(du)左右(you)。就目前熔(rong)(rong)鹽開發(fa)技術而言(yan)，尚未(wei)開發(fa)出熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)較低(di)、沸(fei)點(dian)較高的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)鹽產品，這(zhe)將是(shi)(shi)各熔(rong)(rong)鹽生產企業研(yan)究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要方向(xiang)之一。

　　愛能(neng)森曾智勇(yong)則認(ren)為(wei)，低(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)相對(dui)傳(chuan)統(tong)(tong)二元(yuan)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)較低(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，對(dui)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)保溫要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)沒(mei)有(you)那(nei)么(me)苛刻，在(zai)使用中(zhong)可(ke)有(you)效(xiao)降低(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)管道凍堵風險(xian)，降低(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)塔(ta)式儲熱(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)在(zai)惡劣環(huan)境下對(dui)設備和保溫的(de)(de)苛刻要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，提升系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)環(huan)境適應性(xing)，提高儲熱(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)及經濟(ji)性(xing)；更重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)是帶來(lai)技(ji)(ji)術性(xing)變革(ge)：低(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)產(chan)品(pin)可(ke)替代槽(cao)式及線性(xing)菲涅(nie)爾(er)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)導熱(re)油(you)，做傳(chuan)熱(re)、儲熱(re)雙(shuang)重(zhong)(zhong)功(gong)能(neng)，無(wu)需熱(re)交(jiao)換，熱(re)損(sun)小(xiao)；提升系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)上限溫度(du)，從而提升槽(cao)式的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)效(xiao)率。此外，愛能(neng)森研發(fa)的(de)(de)新型(xing)低(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)已成功(gong)應用于宿遷光電科(ke)技(ji)(ji)中(zhong)心，成為(wei)全(quan)球首(shou)個(ge)采(cai)用多元(yuan)低(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)儲能(neng)項目(mu)。自2016年12月成功(gong)并網(wang)發(fa)電以來(lai)，該系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)截止(zhi)目(mu)前(qian)運行正常，驗(yan)證(zheng)了(le)低(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)在(zai)光熱(re)領域(yu)應用的(de)(de)可(ke)行性(xing)。

　　百吉(ji)瑞(rui)劉(liu)斌(bin)則(ze)表(biao)示(shi)，采用(yong)低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)可有效(xiao)防止熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)凍堵問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現。首先，低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)，就(jiu)拿熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)為116℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)而言(yan)，其熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)較(jiao)(jiao)二元(yuan)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)低(di)(di)100℃左右(you)，這本(ben)身就(jiu)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)了熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)凍堵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)。其次，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)凍堵一(yi)般發生在夜間沒有陽光照(zhao)射的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)(xia)，因(yin)夜間集熱(re)管和罐壁的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輻射散熱(re)損失與溫度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四次方成比例，采用(yong)低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)了夜間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)散熱(re)損失，使(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)溫速(su)度明(ming)顯下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。除此(ci)之外(wai)，采用(yong)低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)后防凝泵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功率大(da)(da)幅(fu)度下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，對伴熱(re)及(ji)電加(jia)熱(re)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求也大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)，因(yin)此(ci)，百吉(ji)瑞(rui)劉(liu)斌(bin)認(ren)為采用(yong)低(di)(di)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)點(dian)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)不僅(jin)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)了熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鹽(yan)(yan)凍堵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)，還使(shi)(shi)夜間防凝運維費用(yong)大(da)(da)幅(fu)度降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)，在電站全生命周期(qi)內(nei)帶來(lai)可觀收益。